Excursion to the industrial zone, how to organize a business out of nothing. Your own business: how to make money on excursion programs How to start an excursion

PLAN CONSIDERATION OF THE MASTER CLASS

"HOW TO PREPARE AND CARRY OUT AN EXCURSION TO THE MUSEUM"

Target: familiarizing teachers with the main aspects of work experience

on organizing and conducting excursions in the school local history museum.

Master class objectives:

To convey your experience through direct and commented demonstration of the sequence of actions, methods, techniques and forms of pedagogical activity;

Joint development of methodological approaches and techniques for solving the problem;

Create an emotional positive attitude towards business cooperation, stimulate the activity of participants through the inclusion of teachers in work in subgroups;

Reflection of their own professional skills by the participants of the master class.

Equipment: multimedia installation, museum exhibits, texts, documents, handouts.

Plan

Organizational and motivational stage (induction)

Experience presentation

Creating a problem situation

Simulation (simulated game)

Physical education

Advertising

Summarizing

Reflection

Master class progress

Organizational and motivational stage

Greetings to the participants of the master class.

Topic announcement.

Joint goal-setting.

What needs to be done to prepare and conduct a tour of the museum?

As an epigraph for today's meeting, I chose a poem

"Free talk":
- Let's talk?- About what?- About miscellaneous and so on.- About what is good,- And not very good.- You know something.

- And something I know.- Let's talk?- Let's talk.- Suddenly it will be interesting.

II ... Experience presentation

This is our 1st lesson, in which we will get to know the local history museum high school No. 1, its sections. On your tables lie Business Cards museum. During an extramural excursion to our school local history museum, you will get to know him in more detail.

( Presentation about the school local history museum of the State Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 1, Starye Dorogi named after the Hero of the Soviet Union F.F. Kulikov " ).

Creating a problem situation

And now the time has come to set the task for our meeting. In the course of your work, we will select guides, researchers, journalists, those without whom it is impossible to imagine the activities of any museum.

Before going on an excursion, I want to treat you and invite you to our museum. (Participants are encouraged to choose a candy)

Now I will ask you to take a seat at the table that matches the color of your section.

We are not with you in our museum, but you have a unique opportunity to visit it not only virtually through a presentation, but also to really see, evaluate and work with exhibits using a mobile museum - “Museum in a Suitcase”. What do you think can fit in such a small suitcase??

I would like to invite you to learn how to evaluate a museum piece together, give it characteristics and talk about it. It is not for nothing that there is a saying: "Things speak!"

Participants of the master class are invited to work together with the master.

Without fully studying it, it is impossible to judge the subject as a whole. We would like to draw your attention to one of the exhibits of our school local history museum - glak (vessel). Our task is to describe it and find out where, when, by whom, what it was used for and what material was used to make it. We must apply the information received in order to compose the text of the excursion and conduct it.

Modeling

(Group work)

I. On the tables are museum exhibits, documents, texts.

Each group needs:

1. Compose a story with a display of the exhibit with explanations (for journalists)

2. Get acquainted with archival documents and draw a conclusion (for researchers)

3.According to the proposed text, conduct an excursion in your section (for guides)

1 group ( Literary Starodorozhchina) (books by old town authors: K.Tsvirko, A.Usenya)

2nd group (There was a people's war) (cap, letters from the front)

Group 3 (Folk crafts) (belt, pottery bowl)

4 group (Matulya-school) (pen with inkwell, petition to open a school)

5 group (Starodorozhsky edge) (the book "Old Roads", a stone with a hole (tool) 2-1 thousand BC).

Physical education

Advertising

(Presentation of the group work of the participants of the master class)

Summarizing

1 . Upon completion of the work, everyone is awarded the title:

guide,

researcher,

journalist.

2. Joint practical work

The emblem of the local history circle. In order to preserve the memories of visiting various interesting places in their memory for a long time, people usually acquire objects depicting some objects of the area where they have been. We will also assemble the emblem of our educational institution together with you. Putting a high school emblem out of the mosaic

№ 1. Each group has a puzzle piece on the table for a single picture.(We glue it on a large Whatman paper).

So I believe that after our master class you got an idea of ​​what the job of a museum worker is. After your own attempts to describe the exhibit, compose a story about it and apply it during the excursion, you will be remembered for a long time.

Reflection

Game "Suitcase of WISHES"

To each participant in turn: all the group members put together a “suitcase of wishes” at parting, putting in it the exhibits with which they worked. Everyone speaks and be sure to express their admiration for the positive aspects of the personality and formulates their wishes.

What did you get from the master class?

Did your hopes come true?

Thanks a lot for your work.

One thing is undeniable:

Even though you don't go out into the world,

And in the field outside the outskirts, -

While you follow someone,

The road will not be remembered.

But wherever you go

And what a muddy road

The road that I myself was looking for

It will never be forgotten.

I want you to let everything you hear through your heart, then you will succeed.

Clay

Narrowed towards the top, wide rounded at the bottom

Satisfy.

Milk storage

Museum of Secondary School No. 1, section: folk crafts Clay

Narrowed towards the top, wide rounded shape at the bottom

Satisfy.

Milk storage

Clay

Satisfy.

Milk storage

Museum of Secondary School No. 1, section: folk

trades

Clay

Narrowed towards the top, wide rounded at the bottom

Satisfy.

Milk storage

Clay

Narrowed towards the top, wide rounded at the bottom

Satisfy.

Milk storage

Clay

Narrow, self-woven from colored threads

Satisfy.

Wearing clothes

Clay

wide rounded shape

Satisfy.

For food

Glass, metal nib

Pen with grip, square inkwell with nib stand

Satisfy.

Writing texts

paper

letter

Copy

School opening

Book

"Old Drogi"

paper

Book with illustrations of the city

Satisfy.

Exploring the history of the city

Stone

Stone with a hole inside for the handle

Satisfy.

Processing of skins

Stone tool: To.II- early.Ithousand BC, the village of Levki, Starodorozhsky district, during the field work of students

Book "Old Roads": a gift from the teacher of history, Stanilevich I.M.

Letter of application for opening a school:

Feather with inkwell: To.XIX- early.XXcentury, student gift

Pottery bowl: To.XIX- early.XXcentury, a gift to the museum from a local resident of the village of Starye Dorogi

Woven belt: earlyXXcentury, a gift to the museum from a local resident of the village of Zaluzhie

Pilot:

Letters from the front:

K. Tsvirko:

A. Usenya:

State cultural institution

4.organization of inspection

5.presence of a route

TO peculiarities Museum excursions should be attributed to the great mobility and frequent change of themes and routes due to the constant development of the exposition (introduction of new themes, exhibits, partial re-expositions, etc.). The museum excursion is limited to the space of the exhibition space. During the excursion, the guide cannot use pauses; his opportunities for relaxation, preparation of the group for the perception of new material are limited. Often the exhibits presented to the tourists in variety and variety scatter the group's attention, and the guide has to put a lot of skill and effort into organizing and directing the audience's attention to the desired exhibit.

All of the above should be taken into account when preparing and conducting a tour of the museum.

Depending on the breadth of the topic, the depth of its disclosure, excursions are divided into overview and thematic. Also, in some cases, there are cyclic excursions.

The most common type of excursion is sightseeing tour.

Its purpose is to give the visitor a general idea of ​​the museum, its collections, and the exposition as a whole.

Thematic excursion Is a guided tour on one specific topic. She sets the task of full and deep disclosure of the topic using the maximum of the material related to it, presented in the exhibition.

Thematic tours are not available in all non-state museums. Their presence depends on the profile of the museum, the nature of its main themes, exhibition area, the number of sections and topics, and most importantly, on the variety and richness of museum material.

Cycle excursions for non-state museums, the phenomenon is rare, since they require the unification of excursions by a single topic, work with the same group of visitors in a certain sequence for a certain time.

II. Preparation of a museum excursion

1. The beginning of work on a new excursion is determination of the topic, purpose, range of issues that need to be covered.

All these components of the initial stage of work depend, first of all, on the profile of the museum, the collections that are on display, as well as the demand of visitors.

IV. Excursion methodology

The main methods and techniques for conducting an excursion are outlined in the process of developing its content. However, they receive concrete forms and a complete character only after special working out at the exposition, in conditions as close as possible to the excursion. The guide must, in practice, choose the most successful methodological techniques for the given exposition.

Distinguish the following general techniques guiding the excursion:

2.story

In practice, they all act in interconnection, ultimately forming a single excursion method. Its main requirement is the organic connection of the show with the story, but, as a rule, during the guided tour, the show precedes the story. An exhibit display is not a simple demonstration of an item. Each material presented in the exhibition carries certain information and plays a certain role. The task of the guide is to convey this to the sightseers.

When conducting a specific excursion, display and story methods are implemented through a number of techniques, such as:

1.verbal or mental reconstruction (recreation of an event based on the materials presented in the exhibition)

2.comparison

3.citation of the exhibited documents (read-out excerpts should be skillfully combined with the display of the exhibit itself, help to reveal the topic)

Conversation is an integral part of any excursion. First of all, these are the introductory and final parts of the excursion, which were discussed above. Separate elements of the conversation are introduced into the main part of the excursion, having thought over the questions for the tourists in advance.

In addition to the demonstration, story and conversation, which form the basis of the excursion methodology, additional techniques are often used in the museum excursion: listening to sound recordings of the memories of the participants in the events, which are discussed in the excursion, watching videos, filmstrips, etc. methods should be followed only in those cases if this material is bright, emotional, saturated with information. The duration of such "inserts" should not exceed 4-5 minutes. Otherwise, the attention of tourists will be scattered, interest in continuing the excursion will decrease.

For a more complete disclosure of the topic with a small number of exhibits, you can resort to using additional, auxiliary material not included in the exhibition: photographs, reproductions, copies, diagrams, maps, drawings, etc. (the so-called "guide's portfolio").

V. Some rules of the excursion

The success of the excursion depends on many factors. The guide is required to:

Knowledge of the material

Correct speech

Impeccable look

Ability to establish contact with the group, etc.

During the excursion, the guide should arrange the group in such a way that the excursionists, without exception, could see the exposition material with which they this moment work in progress. The guide's place is between the group (1.5 m from it) and the stand. When showing with a pointer this or that material (unless a document is read out or certain features of the exhibit are indicated), the guide should address the group and observe its reaction. The indifference of the guide to the behavior of the audience, as well as the manifestation of a bad mood by him, is not permissible. The guide is a kind of actor. And on how he prepares his role and plays it in public, the success of all the work on preparing the excursion and conducting it for a specific excursion group largely depends.

Vi. Improving the excursion

Before going out with a prepared excursion to the group, the guide must present it to a more experienced and knowledgeable employee for listening, and then the excursion is officially accepted by a commission, which may include representatives of the museum administration, staff members, members of the Museum Council.

But even after the commission accepts the excursion, the work on it is not considered complete.

It is necessary to continue studying the chosen topic - to get acquainted with new publications, clarify information about the exhibits, listen to excursions of other guides, analyze the reaction of visitors.

This will provide an opportunity to constantly improve the excursion, make it more relevant, attractive for tourists, and, consequently, increase interest in the museum as a whole.

“After several trips to Sochi, my children and I arranged a brainstorming session and below the ideas that were born to me and my children.

I write sparingly, as it is inconvenient on the phone :)

1. The tour should be playful and attractive.

At the end, it is advisable to provide some kind of prizes, albeit symbolic, but children love it.

Slingshots, compasses or other original, with which little encounter in life.

You can print small photos, give out a glue stick and stick in the car after inspection.

Condition: everyone determines the place on the map himself.

3. On the way, let me see a few passing videos about the place where we are going.
But it should be interesting.

Then, for example, I will throw off a rap video about Eurasia for Sergei, which my daughter used to report at school.

Classmates were delighted.

4. One of the tasks should be with a compass.

It's interesting and useful.

The option that the children suggested was with a navigator. It's closer to them :)

that is, we ask the children to find some nearby place themselves.

5. Each stop is several objects.

Children need to be given a fragment of some kind of object (color printout measuring 10 x 10 cm).
They must find this fragment in the living world.
This will instantly increase their attentiveness and allow them to see something that they had not previously paid attention to.

6. If we are talking about Abkhazia, then it will not hurt to listen to national music on the way.

I will say right away that the children did not like this idea :)
But music very clearly allows you to understand the character of a nation.
And 10 minutes in the car, the children will be patient :)

There are many monuments to those who fell in the 1992-1993 war in Abkhazia. You can very briefly tell about this war and give one of the war songs to listen to.

7. Border: long, boring, uninteresting.

At this time, there must be activity.

As an idea: simple crosswords on the topic of the excursion, and it's also very nice to learn a few key or funny words in Abkhaz.

Children then gladly show off them at school.

"Grandfather" in Abkhazian "Babadu"))

It reminded me of something invented in the USSR (only a modern terminator):

Hookah-arba - steam locomotive
Armatur-batyr - Terminator

Saksaul-bala - Buratino
Ik-pook-water - coca-cola

Shaitan-pipe - grenade launcher

Skewer batyr - D'Artanyan

Apa's Nightmare - Baba Yaga
Donkey sailor - zebra

Nibelmes-bala - Dunno
Kyzim-balyk - mermaid

Shaitan-arba - minibus

Autogen Aga - the serpent Gorynych

8. It is possible to envisage small master classes on the way.

For example, prepare simple sachet bags in advance, and in the mountains collect boxwood leaves that soothe, fold and pour right there.
A gift is ready, the child will definitely find someone to give. Or some herbs for tea.

9. At the waterfalls, everyone ties ribbons. They are all the same for all.

In advance, the guide prepares ribbons for the children, on the way they sign or draw or otherwise.
This is no longer massive, but its own unique, which will remain in place.

10. The guide should have found places for cool selfies in advance.

These are not the places where mom and dad are photographed in front of the monument.
This is something else that is laid out on the network and shows that the child is prohibitively cool: for example (what my children chose):

photos from the scary thickets,
photo at the edge of the bridge, etc.
the main thing is that they are selected in advance by the guide so that they are safe, not necessarily beautiful, but unique.

And this uniqueness must be emphasized. The children will be grateful to you.

Sergey, I’ll send you in a personal what Maria came up with in Abkhazia.

If you want, post it on the forum, maybe someone wants to use it.

This is where we have exhausted, but the ideas proposed above can be developed further.

The main thing is not to offer them to them as a task, but to present them precisely as an exciting game.

And of course, if there are at least two children. That's more interesting.

If the children are not very large up to 10 years old, then in order to give their parents the peace of mind to enjoy the beautiful views, the children can be offered a treasure hunt. A small map is made for each new place. It makes it possible to find a map of the next place. Etc. The last card indicates the location of the treasure. Moreover, for kids it can be any box with small coins. 100 rubles in a small change (10, 50 kopecks, a ruble each) is a lot - checked :)

Even when traveling to Abkhazia, you should definitely tell children about the traditions and customs of this country, especially those that are not entirely familiar to Russia: traditions associated with hospitality, wedding ceremonies, blood feud, raising children, and others. They are completely unique and will show children that there is a completely different life. And this will definitely be remembered, as it knocks out of the usual framework.

For example, what is the meaning of the Abkhaz flag.

Another interesting topic: all children love to make wishes. Even my little 3 year old son, seeing the only star in the sky, tells her which car he would like to receive for his birthday.
Therefore, on excursions for small children, it is worth using this opportunity.
Or you can write your most cherished wish, then make a ship out of a note and send it sailing on Lake Ritsa, and at the moment when the ship reaches the nearest river, the wish will come true! In this case, there can be any legend :) the main thing is not to promise fulfillment right away, as there may be disappointment.

An excursion, as we have already found out, is both a method of relaxation and a method of cognition. new information... In connection with such two-sidedness, special methodological techniques are being developed for conducting an excursion. The main emphasis in the excursion is made on the show, on the acquaintance of sightseers with new objects for them, on brief comments to the show.

When conducting an excursion, the following general methodological techniques are used: reception of the main show, reception of a preliminary examination, reception of a mental reconstruction of an excursion object, reception of mental reconstruction of a historical background, a method of comparison, reception of abstraction, reception of a discussion, reception of a reportage, reception of complicity, reception of personification, reception of a problem situation , reception of a retreat, reception of activation of attention, the use of visual aids from the "guide's portfolio", showing and characteristics of the object in the direction of the bus, panoramic display, a brief description of the displayed object, brief information about a unique historical or natural site, detailed description features of the object, explanations and comments during the excursion, the inclusion of bright quotes in the story, taking pauses, answering questions from tourists.

When developing an excursion, the guide should take into account that:

o the maximum number of objects that can be perceived by adult excursionists is 30, children - no more than 15; the maximum time for a continuous excursion story is 15 minutes for adults and 10 minutes for children;

maximum display time for one excursion object - 4 minutes;

For every hour of the guide's story, a 10-minute pause is possible.

Methodological techniques for conducting, their use and features depend on: the form of the tour, the content and topics of the excursion, the composition of the group, the venue, the method of travel.

1. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the form of the excursion. The form of the excursion (educational excursion, excursion-conversation, excursion-game, excursion-walk, excursion-performance, etc.) significantly affects the possibility and necessity of using certain methodological techniques.

On the most common cognitive excursion (previously they were called educational), almost all techniques are used, their use and alternation depend on other decisive factors.

In a conversation tour (most often this form is used to conduct individual excursion) the methods of the main display, comparisons, abstraction, short comments, reception of answers to questions from tourists will be optimal.

In an excursion-game, most often conducted for younger schoolchildren, vivid comparisons, activation of the imagination, panoramic display, and the inclusion of additional display objects (films, computer clips, archaeological finds) will help keep the attention of children.

During an excursion-walk, to keep the attention of children, the guide tries to influence not only visual and auditory sensations, but also tactile ones. For example, excursionists are given the task to collect a small herbarium, find a fossil on their own, etc.

2. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the composition of the group. As you know, the most inquisitive groups are middle-aged schoolchildren and adults. Participant students have low attention.

In children's groups, it is advisable to use the techniques of the main display, short comments, techniques of comparison and mental reconstruction; at the same time, it is undesirable to pause often and for a long time, due to which concentration of attention is weakened.

In adult groups, in addition to the main show and more detailed story techniques of abstraction, historical reconstruction, complicity, reporting, personification are used. In individual adult groups, it is optimal to use the method of conversation and reception of comments during the show.

An experienced guide always “feels” his group and, depending on its mood, intellectual preparation and other factors, applies certain methodological techniques.

3. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the location of the excursion. An excursion in the city does not require any special methodological techniques, while a country excursion is conducted according to its own laws. In this case, it is best to use the techniques of comparison, reporting, a problem situation, panoramic display.

In museum excursions with the use of expositions, the best will be a combination of methods of display and story, a method of mentally creating a historical background, a method of personification and a method of explanation.

When conducting a thematic excursion in the museum under open air the optimal methods will be the techniques of the main display, comments on objects, brief explanations, techniques of abstraction, reporting, the method of providing brief information about the uniqueness of this or that exhibit.

4. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the method of movement. It is clear that a bus tour without getting off the bus will be strikingly different from a regular walking tour or museum tour.

Regarding the bus excursion with stops at certain places, clear rules have been developed governing boarding the bus, showing and telling in the direction of travel, exits from the bus. The best techniques when moving on the bus: the reception of the show with comments, the reception of comparisons, the reception of abstraction, the reception of using visual aids from the "guide's portfolio", the reception of comments and methods of activating attention.

When walking on foot, the guide should not speak during the transition from one object to another. Walking tours use preliminary inspection techniques, detailed display and comments, the method of comparison, the method of abstraction, the method of complicity, the method of personification.

5. The choice of methodological techniques depending on the content of the excursion and its topic. In city sightseeing excursions, it is possible to use all existing methodological techniques. Some features are inherent in the techniques used in thematic excursions. So, in a historical excursion, you can use almost all methods, but the best methods will be the methods of mental reconstruction of the historical background, the method of the main display and the method of comparison. During a botanical excursion, for example natural park, it is advisable to use the method of the main display, the reception of comments, the method of comparison. When conducting an ecological excursion, reception of a problem situation, reception of the main show, reception of complicity, reception of a reportage will bring success. The religious excursion will be more efficient using the techniques of the main screening and short commentary on it; it is possible to use the technique of complicity and mental reconstruction of the historical background. It should be borne in mind that it is not very ethical to lead the story directly in the temple, but it is better to limit ourselves to small explanations and provide most of the information to the excursionists on the bus in advance or after visiting the temple.

A production excursion is, first of all, a reception of a reportage, a reception of complicity, a reception of the main screening, a reception of a problem situation, a reception of a discussion. In a literary excursion, it is worth using the method of the main display and comments, the method of personification, the method of quotations, the method of retreat. When conducting a theatrical excursion, one cannot do without the reception of a mental reconstruction of the historical background, the reception of abstraction, the reception of a reportage, the reception of complicity.

Features of displaying objects in the course of the bus without stopping and exiting the bus. Such a show is typical for an excursion group traveling from their place of residence (for example, from a hotel outside the city limits) to the old part of the city in order to visit the local museum. Excursion route does not imply stops, and the story of the guide is conducted directly while driving. The display of objects in the direction of travel must be prepared in advance. The guide may first give brief description object, and then show it (the story either precedes the show, or smoothly "wraps around" it). The guide's comments should be structured in such a way as to orient the tourists in advance on the appearance of the object of interest and its location.

• 1. “Peter I stayed in our city during one of the Azov campaigns. Now on the right, in the direction of the bus, you can see the temple, which was visited by the Russian tsar during his short stay in our city. "
• 2. “The Volga is the pride of our country, and we are especially proud that the sources of this great river are in our region. Ahead, in the direction of the bus, you can see the main channel of the Volga, and the bridge over which we are passing is one of 5 bridges in our city. It was built according to the project of the famous St. Petersburg architect. "
• 3. “In a few minutes we will arrive at the landing site of the world's first cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin. At the moment we are passing along the alley of poplars planted for the 10th anniversary of the first flight into space ”.

Panoramic display. The ability to show the city, the beauty of the surrounding nature or any architectural complex with high point is a decoration of the excursion. A panoramic display can serve as a bright start to an excursion, be its culmination or a finishing touch. In any case, a panoramic view allows you to create a more complete impression of everything seen and heard. It is advisable, after the panoramic screening, to provide the excursionists with the opportunity to ask questions (no more than 5 minutes).

The most beautiful panoramas open from the observation deck in the mountains to the picturesque foothills; city panoramas also have a strong emotional impact. In excursions around Moscow, excursion groups often bring to Vorobyovy Gory, from which a beautiful panorama of the capital opens; most of Moscow is perfectly visible and observation deck Ostankino tower. In those cities where there is no sublime natural places, for a panoramic display, bell towers, preserved fortresses, high-rise buildings, etc. can be used. So, in St. Petersburg, guests of the city are often shown a panorama of the city from the height of the observation deck of St. Isaac's Cathedral.

• 1. Panoramic display before the start of the excursion (the panoramic platform is located on one of the low mountains surrounding the city): “Before you is the Volga city, surrounded on three sides by mountains. You can see the old part of the city on the Volga coast, where ancient buildings and temples have been preserved. The largest temple with a high bell tower is Cathedral of our city, it was built 100 years ago by a local architect. From here you can see several small city parks, green alleys along many streets. The construction of the city was carried out in such a way that all the central streets intersect with each other exclusively at right angles. central part the city resembles a chessboard viewed from above. To the right of the cathedral, you can see old bridge across the Volga. Its length is 3.5 km, and it is one of the most large bridges in Europe. New sleeping areas are located in the plains between the mountains, but our goal is the old part of the city and the Volga embankment. We leave for the bus and continue our journey. "
• 2. Panoramic display as a culminating moment: “We got to know the history of the city, its main architectural and historical sights. And now you have the opportunity to see the city from a bird's eye view. Do you see the temple on the left? This is the cathedral that you visited. To the right of it there is a bridge across the Volga, along which we made a sightseeing trip. If all our guests have admired the panorama of the city, we can go further. We are going to visit the ethnographic open-air museum ”.
• 3. Panoramic display as the final stage of the excursion: “Before you is the city, the journey through which we have already finished. Now from above you can see everything once again memorable places, about which we learned a lot. If you have any questions, I will be happy to answer them. "

In any of the three described cases, the panoramic display will remain in the memory of tourists for a long time and will leave the best memories of the excursion.

Museum excursion. When conducting a museum tour, most of the basic methodological techniques are used, but taking into account the limited space.

The tour guide meets the group that has come to the museum at a specially designated place, in each museum. The guide immediately introduces himself, loudly announces the topic of the excursion and leads the group to the beginning of the story. If there is already another excursion in the hall where the group entered, the guide should either speak more quietly or go to the next hall, if the topic of the excursion allows.

In the introductory part of any museum excursion, the group should be told brief (no more than 2-3 minutes) information about the history of the museum, remind the rules of conduct in the halls where there are many glass showcases and fragile objects. After that, the guide proceeds to the main part of the excursion, standing half-turned to the window or the first exhibit. You should not focus the attention of a large group on small exhibits, since most of the tourists will not see anything, but there will be a risk of breaking the window. Transitions from one showcase to another or from one room to another should be accompanied by logical transitions in the story. In the final part of the excursion, the results are summed up, information is provided about the remaining halls of the museum, where excursionists can visit. After that, the guide answers the questions of the excursion participants and says goodbye to them.

An important condition for a well-conducted excursion in the museum is strict adherence to the time.

Additional methodological techniques. Each experienced guide always has in stock several author's methodological techniques that help turn the excursion into a high-quality learning process and a pleasant time.

• 1. Inclusion of a short meeting in the excursion with a specialist, nair i r during an archaeological excursion - with an archaeologist, during a paleontological excursion - with a paleontologist, during an art history excursion - with an artist or musician, etc. Communication with experts activates and deepens the interest aroused by the topic of the excursion, helps to better understand the issues under consideration and, of course, has a strong emotional impact on the excursionists.
• 2. Watching movies or computer clips on the topic of the excursion. Innovative moments add a special flavor to the excursion, enhance the visual impact on the excursion participants. Such additions suit during a long trip on a bus equipped with the necessary equipment.
• 3. Introduction of the search and research part on the topic of the excursion. Active actions help sightseers to improve the process of learning new information, to feel like real researchers. During archaeological, paleontological, geological, botanical, ecological excursions, tourists can be given the opportunity to find any artifacts or research objects on the surface of the earth:

lifting material at archaeological sites (fragments of dishes, fragments of iron objects washed out of the soil by rainwater);

about fossils at the sites of paleontological outcrops (shells of mollusks, ancient sponges);

o minerals at places of geological monuments (ornamental stones, semi-precious stones);

about herbarium items (leaves, flowers).

The material collected on the surface of the earth can be allowed to be taken with you, if it does not harm the monument.

4. Inclusion of mini-quizzes in the excursion process. Holding a mini-quiz is perceived positively even in adult groups. For example, a guide may suggest that the group members recall the length of the Volga, pictures of a famous artist, in addition to those seen in the museum, name the writers whose books are dedicated to the events on the Don, etc. Tourists can be invited to determine which architectural style the building belongs to, what is the approximate height of the memorial stele, the length of the bridge, etc.

Questions can be asked along with answer options, for example:

“What do you think, according to what principle the name of the Russian city was most often given:

o by the name of its founder;

about the name of the ancient tribes that lived in this place earlier;

about the name of the river on which the city is based? "

Of course, the guide must not only prove the correctness of the answer with arguments, but also give examples. In this case, the correct answer is the third, and examples are cities such as Moscow, Samara, Tsaritsyn, Tomsk, Tver, etc.

• 5. Inclusion of conversation elements in the excursion. The guide, who has become acquainted with the group, during the excursion can include elements of the conversation in it, activating the group's attention and giving comfort to the psychological environment. For example, knowing that the group came to the northern city from Krasnodar Territory, you can ask if the guests are freezing while walking along the snow-covered embankment, or ask the guests what especially surprised them among the objects examined, whether there are similar ones in their city, etc. The mutual interest of the guide to the guests will cause greater satisfaction with the excursion, will leave a good impression of the city and its inhabitants.
• 6. Inclusion of theatrical elements in the excursion- participation in a national holiday, carnival, in the festival of historical reconstruction. Elements of theatricalization have entered tourism quite a long time ago and, as it were, turn the participants of educational excursions into direct participants in the events. Theatricalization has a beneficial effect both on the perception of the information provided in the excursion, and on the formation general impression about the trip. For example, during some archaeological excursions, guests find themselves on a theatrical show organized by the historical fencing club. The scenario of the excursion includes the "abduction" of one or several participants in the excursion, their release from captivity with the help of Russian soldiers, observation of a stunt fight, photographing with participants in the show in colorful costumes, archery, tasting pilaf prepared according to medieval recipes, etc. etc. Such theatricalizations are successfully held in Saratov region; in Yaroslavl, guests are invited to wear simple robes and try their hand at the role of barge haulers on the Volga; at the Museum of Local Lore of Yekaterinburg, guests will certainly be greeted by a beauty dressed as the Mistress of the Copper Mountain. Such elements of theatricalization (even in an abbreviated version) cannot leave sightseers indifferent and are a wonderful addition to a thematic excursion through the ancient history of the region.

2.3. Excursion route planning

Excursion route represents the most convenient route for the excursion group, contributing to the disclosure of the topic. It is built depending on the most correct sequence for a given excursion to inspect objects, the availability of sites for the location of the group, the need to ensure the safety of tourists. One of the objectives of the route is to contribute to the fullest disclosure of the topic.

The main requirements that must be taken into account by the planners of the route are the organization of the display of objects in a logical sequence and the provision of a visual basis for the disclosure of the topic.

In the practice of excursion institutions, there are three options for building routes: chronological, thematic and thematic-chronological.

An example of a chronological route is excursions dedicated to the life and work of prominent people.

Excursions related to the disclosure of a specific topic in the life of the city (for example, "Arkhangelsk is under construction", "Literary suburbs", etc.) are organized according to the thematic principle.

All city sightseeing excursions are structured according to the thematic and chronological principle. The sequence of presentation of the material in chronology in such excursions is observed, as a rule, only when each subtopic is disclosed.

Route development- a complex multi-stage procedure that requires a sufficiently high qualification and is one of the main elements of the technology for creating new excursion... When developing a bus route, one should be guided by the "Rules of the road", "Statute of road transport", "Rules for the carriage of passengers" and other departmental standards.

Objects, depending on their role in the excursion, can be used as the main and additional.

The main objects are subjected to a deeper analysis, subtopics of the excursion are revealed on them.

The display of additional objects, as a rule, is carried out when the excursion group moves (transitions) and does not occupy a dominant position.

The route is built according to the principle of the most correct sequence of inspection of objects and is planned taking into account the following requirements:

The display of objects should be carried out in a certain logical sequence, avoiding unnecessary repeated passes along the same section of the route (street, square, bridge, highway), that is, the so-called "loops";
- availability of the object (site for its inspection);
- moving or transition between objects should not take 10-15 minutes, so that there are no too long pauses in the show and story;
- availability of comfortable stops, including sanitary and parking spaces for vehicles.

It is recommended to have several options for group movement at the time of the excursion. The need to change the route in some cases is caused by traffic jams, repair work on city highways. All this should be taken into account when creating various route options.

The development of the bus route ends with the coordination and approval of the passport and route scheme, calculation of the mileage and time of using vehicles.

Bypassing (bypassing) a route

Bypassing (bypassing) a route is one of the important stages in the development of a new excursion theme. When organizing a detour (detour) of the route, the following tasks are set:

1) familiarize yourself with the layout of the route, streets, squares along which the route is laid;
2) specify the place where the object is located, as well as the place of the intended stop sightseeing bus or a walking group;
3) master the bus access to objects or parking lots;
4) conduct the timing of the time required to show the objects, their verbal characteristics and the movement of the bus (pedestrian group), as well as clarify the duration of the excursion in general;
5) check the expediency of using the intended display objects;
6) choose the best points for displaying objects and options for the location of the excursion group;
7) choose a method of acquaintance with the object;
8) in order to ensure the safety of the movement of tourists along the route, identify potentially dangerous places and take measures.

Preparation of the control text of the excursion

The text is the material necessary for the full disclosure of all the sub-topics included in the excursion. The text is intended to provide a thematic focus of the guide's story, it formulates a certain point of view on the facts and events that the excursion is devoted to, and gives an objective assessment of the objects shown.

Requirements for the text: brevity, clarity of wording, the required amount of factual material, availability of information on the topic, full disclosure of the topic, literary language.

The text of the excursion is compiled by a creative group when developing a new topic and performs control functions. This means that each guide must build his story, taking into account the requirements of this text (control text).

The control text in most cases contains a chronological presentation of the material. This text does not reflect the structure of the excursion and is not built in a route sequence, with the distribution of the presented material by stops where the analysis of excursion objects takes place. The control text is carefully selected and verified by sources material, which is the basis for all excursions on this topic. Using the provisions and conclusions that are contained in the control text, the guide builds his own individual text.

Based on the test text, options for excursions on the same topic can be created, including for children and adults, for various groups of workers.

In order to facilitate the work on creating such options, the control text may include materials related to objects, sub-topics and main issues that were not included in the route of this excursion.

In addition to the materials for the guide's story, the control text includes materials that should form the content of the introductory word and conclusion of the excursion, as well as logical transitions. It should be user-friendly. Quotes, figures and examples are accompanied by links to sources.

Acquisition of the "tour guide portfolio"

"Tour guide's portfolio"is the symbolic name of a set of visual aids used during the excursion. These aids are usually placed in a folder or a small portfolio.

One of the tasks of the "tour guide portfolio" is to reconstruct the missing links in the show. In excursions, it often happens that not all the objects necessary for the disclosure of the topic have been preserved. For example, sightseers cannot see a historic building that has been destroyed over time; the village, destroyed during the Great Patriotic War, etc. Sometimes it becomes necessary to give an idea of ​​the original form of the place where the building being examined (residential neighborhood) was built. For this purpose, for example, photographs of a village or a vacant lot, panoramas of the construction of an enterprise, a residential area are used. The task may also arise to show what will be at the inspected place in the near future. In this case, excursionists are shown projects of buildings, structures, monuments.

During excursions it is necessary to show photographs of people who are related to this object or events associated with it (for example, portraits of members of the Wolfe family - friends of Alexander Pushkin - during an excursion around the "Pushkin Ring of the Upper Volga Region").

The excursion is made more convincing by the demonstration of copies of original documents, manuscripts, literary works, about which the guide tells.

And one more important task of visual aids on excursions - give a visual representation of the object(plants, minerals, mechanisms by showing genuine samples or their photographs, models, dummies).

The "guide's portfolio" includes photographs geographic Maps, diagrams, drawings, pictures, product samples, etc. Such "portfolios" are created, as a rule, for each topic. They are a constant companion of the guide and help to make any journey into the past and present more exciting and rewarding. The content of the "portfolio" is dictated by the topic of the excursion.

The visual aids of the "tour guide portfolio" should be user-friendly. Their number should not be large, since in this case the manuals will distract excursionists from examining the original objects, scatter their attention.

The members of the creative group, preparing a new excursion, select from the visual materials at their disposal the most expressive ones that can help the guide in covering the topic. The technique of demonstrating visual aids is tested on the route. Then the recommendations on the use of the materials of the "portfolio" are included in the methodological development.

Each exhibit included in the "portfolio" is accompanied by a leaflet with explanations or reference material. Sometimes explanations are glued to the back of the exhibit. This annotation serves as a source material for the guide when showing the exhibit to sightseers.

The list of visual materials of a certain topic included in the "guide's portfolio" should be updated throughout the development of a new excursion topic.

Museums, exhibitions, archives provide great assistance in the selection of visual materials for the "portfolio" of excursion organizations.

Determination of methodological techniques for conducting an excursion

The success of the excursion is in direct proportion to the methodological techniques of presentation and story used in it. The choice of this or that methodological method is dictated by the tasks set for the excursion, the informational richness of a particular object.

The work of the creative group at this stage consists of several parts: selection of the most effective methodological techniques for highlighting sub-topics, methodological techniques that are recommended depending on the excursion audience (adults, children), the time of the excursion (winter, summer, day, evening), features showing; determining the methods of preserving the attention of tourists and activating the process of perceiving excursion material; development of recommendations on the use of expressive means in the speech of the guide; selection of the rules of the excursion technique. It is equally important to determine the technology for using methodological techniques.

Determination of the excursion technique

The excursion technique unites all organizational issues of the excursion process. The authors of the bus excursion, for example, carefully think over when and where excursionists go out to inspect the object, how the excursionists move between the objects, how and when the exhibits of the "guide's portfolio" are shown, etc. ... These instructions are also addressed to the bus driver. For example, where to put the bus, where you need to go slower to observe the object from the window. Separate instructions refer to excursionists (observance of safety rules on the street, getting off the bus, accommodation in the cabin). It is important to formulate recommendations on the use of breaks in the excursion; on observance of the time allotted for coverage of sub-topics, organization of answers to questions from tourists; on the technique of using the "portfolio" exhibits; about the order of laying wreaths, etc. No less important are the instructions about the place of the guide when showing objects, guiding the independent work of tourists on the route, conducting a story while the bus is moving.

Drawing up a methodological development

Methodological development - a document that defines how to conduct a given excursion, how best to organize the display of monuments, what methodology and technique of conducting should be applied to make the excursion effective. The methodological development sets out the requirements of the excursion methodology, taking into account the features of the objects on display and the content of the material presented. She disciplines the guide and must meet the following requirements: prompt the guide on the way to reveal the topic; equip him with the most effective methodological techniques of display and story; contain clear recommendations on the organization of the excursion; take into account the interests of a certain group of tourists (if there are excursion options); combine the show and the story into a single whole.

Methodological development is drawn up on each topic of the excursion, including with a differentiated approach to the preparation and conduct of the excursion. In the variants of the methodological development, the age, professional and other interests of the tourists, the peculiarities of the methodology of its implementation, are reflected.

The methodological development is formalized as follows:

The title page contains data: the name of the excursion institution, the name of the topic of the excursion, the type of excursion, the length of the route, the duration in academic hours, the composition of the excursionists, the names and positions of the compilers, the date of the approval of the excursion by the head of the excursion institution.
- on the next page, the purpose and objectives of the excursion, a route diagram indicating objects and stops during the excursion are described.

Methodical development consists of three sections: introduction, main part and conclusion. The introduction and conclusion are not distributed among the columns. For example, what the recommendations for a guide look like on the construction of an introduction to the methodological development of an excursion on the topic - "Tyumen - the gateway to Siberia": "First of all, you need to get to know the group, name the guide and driver, then remind the tourists the rules of behavior on the bus, warning them that they will be able to ask questions and share their impressions when there is time for this. part of the introduction should be bright, emotional. It can begin with poems by AS Pushkin or a quote - the statement of the Decembrists about the untold riches of Siberia, the great future of this harsh land. " The landing place of the group is determined in working order together with the customer, the starting point of the excursion is determined by the methodological development.

Table 2.1

An example of a methodological development of an excursion

Route	Stop	Display objects	Time	Name of subtopics and list of main questions	Organizational guidelines	Methodical instructions
New Basmannaya st. - M. Razgulyay - Baumanskaya st.	On the way	New Basmannaya street; cathedral of st. Paul; no. 16 on Novaya Basmannaya st., no. 2 on Spartakovskaya st.		Subtopic I: Pushkinskaya Moscow 1. Former German settlement - one of the aristocratic districts of Moscow in the 18th-19th centuries. 2. New Basmannaya st. - corner of Pushkinskaya Moscow	The story is told in slow motion of the bus	1. Use the technique of reporting, giving a description of the former German settlement. Observe the synchronicity of the story and display of objects located on different streets 2. Characterizing the appearance of the German settlement the end of the 18th century, when the Pushkins settled here, use the layout and development of Novaya Basmannaya Street for display. Use in the story, the names of the lanes along which the route passes, to characterize the past. Mention the surviving on the banks of the river. Yauza houses of nobles (Lefortovo Palace, Slobodskoy Palace, etc.)
Baumanskaya st., 8/10	Stop in the courtyard of the school. A.S. Pushkin number 353	School building them. A.S. Pushkin, Memorial plaque with a bas-relief of Pushkin the Child on the facade of the building		3. Place of birth of the poet 4. "My ancestry" 5. Childhood of the poet	Get the group out of the bus, bring to the school building, stop at the memorial plaque. Then bring to the monument A.S. Pushkin, placing the group so that you can see the school yard, the monument, buildings to the left and right of it	3. Verbal reconstruction of this corner of the German settlement at the end of the 18th century. Show: the relief of the school courtyard (the dried-up bed of the Kukui stream), preserved wings (house 8), reminiscent of the Skvortsov estate, in which A.S. Pushkin was born. Revealing questions 4, 5, cite excerpts from the works "My genealogy" and "Guests gathered at the dacha." Use the "guide's portfolio" (views of old Moscow, Lefortovo, portraits of relatives A.S. Pushkin). Variant of the logical transition of the topic: "VL Pushkin - influenced the formation of the future poet's literary tastes"

The effectiveness of the methodological development depends on the correct filling of all seven columns. Development size - 6-12 typewritten pages. The length of the document depends on the number of excursion objects, the number of subtopics, the duration of the excursion in time and the length of the route.

In the column " Excursion route"is the starting point of the excursion and the end of the I subtopic.

In the column " Stops"those points of the route are called where the exit from the bus is provided; it is supposed to inspect the object from the windows of the bus without excursionists coming out or it is planned to stop on a walking tour. You should not make such inaccurate entries as, for example:" Volga River Embankment "or" Central Square ". write down: "The Volga river embankment near the monument to N. A. Nekrasov".

In the column " Display objects"list those memorable places, main and additional objects that are shown to the group at the stop, during the move or movement of the group to the next stop.

In a suburban excursion, the objects of display can be a whole city, village, urban-type settlement, and when traveling along the route, visible parts from a distance (a tall building, a tower, a bell tower, etc.). In a city tour, the objects of display can be a street or a square.

Count " Duration of the excursion". The time that is called in this column is the sum of the time spent on showing this object, the guide's story (the part when there is no show) and on the movement of excursionists along the route to the next stop. near the objects being inspected and between objects.

Count " Name of subtopics and list of main questions"contains short entries. First of all, a subtopic is called, which is revealed on a given segment of the route, at a given period of time, at the objects listed in column 3. sightseeing tour one of the subtopics is called "Poltava in the Northern War between Russia and Sweden." The main issues that are covered in this sub-topic are "Swedes in Ukraine" and "Battle of Poltava". The subtopic "New to the old city" reveals the main issues: "Housing construction in the city", "Development of culture and art", "Construction of a sports complex". The number of main questions included in the subtopic should not exceed five.

In the column " Organizational guidelines"place recommendations on the movement of the group, ensuring the safety of sightseers on the route and the fulfillment of sanitary and hygienic requirements, the rules of conduct for participants in the excursion in memorial sites and at monuments of history and culture. It also sets out the requirements for sightseers for nature protection and fire safety rules. include all the questions that are included in the concept of "Technique of conducting an excursion." Here is an example of a recording: "The group is positioned so that all tourists can see the entrance to the building." include instructions on sanitary stops, recommendations for the protection of nature, rules for the movement of tourists at stops, especially near highways in order to ensure their safety.

When conducting industrial excursions, visiting working shops, recommendations are given on safety precautions, excerpts from the instructions of the administration of the enterprise, the mandatory rules of behavior for excursionists at the enterprise, places are called where pauses are made in the story and display.

Count " Methodical instructions"determines the direction of the entire document, formulates the basic requirements for the guide on the method of conducting the excursion, gives instructions on the use of methodological techniques. For example, in the excursion" Khatyn Memorial Complex "on the object" Defense Line of the 100th Infantry Division ", two methodological instructions are given:" When disclosing the subtopic, the method of verbal comparison is used, a certificate is given about the military potential of Nazi Germany at the time of its attack on the USSR "and" The story of the battles is conducted using the methodological method of visual reconstruction of the place where the hostilities took place. "

It should indicate where and how the methodology is applied. This column also outlines a variant of a logical transition to the next subtopic, gives recommendations on displaying materials from the "guide's portfolio", includes tips on using the movement of sightseers relative to objects as a methodological technique (for example, "After observing the object and the guide's story, tourists can independently continue their acquaintance with object "," The guide should explain the terms ... "," When showing the battlefield, it is necessary to orient the excursionists ... ", etc.).

Drawing up an individual text

The excursion practice proceeds from the fact that the basis of the guide's story is customized text, which determines the sequence and completeness of the presentation of thoughts, helps the guide to logically build his story. Each guide composes such a text independently. The reference text is the basis for the individual text.

All individual texts with a good control text will have identical content, but different turns of speech, different words, different sequence in the story, there may even be different facts confirming the same position. Naturally, all guides, being at the same object, will say the same thing.

You should not hide the control text from those who are developing a new excursion for themselves, since a creative group of the most trained guides worked on the control text, and the guide preparing a new topic for himself will not be able to achieve what was done before him by collective efforts. After the preliminary work of the guide on a new topic is completed (collection, study and primary processing of the material), he is allowed to familiarize himself with the control text. This will help him select material for the story, determine the optimal number of examples used to highlight the sub-topics, draw the right conclusions on the sub-topics of the excursion and in general. The reference to the control text, made on time, guarantees a higher level of preparation of the beginner for the excursion.

The main difference between the individual text and the control text is that it reflects the structure of the excursion and is built in full accordance with the methodological development of the excursion. The material is placed in the order in which the objects are shown, and has a clear division into parts. Each of them is dedicated to one of the sub-topics. The individual text compiled in accordance with these requirements is a story ready for "use". The individual text contains a full statement of what should be told during the excursion. When presenting the essence of historical events, there should be no abbreviations or assessments of their significance.

It is also not allowed to mention facts without dating them, referring to sources. At the same time, the text of this type reflects the peculiarities of the speech of the "performer". The guide's story consists, as it were, of separate parts tied to visual objects. These parts are combined by conclusions for each subtopic and logical transitions between subtopics (and objects). In an individual text, each subtopic is a separate story, suitable for use during the excursion.

When composing an individual text, its author should not forget about the logic of the sounding speech, about the fact that the word and the image (object) act, as a rule, on the feeling of sightseers synchronously. Striving for liveliness in the presentation of material on excursions should not lead to attempts to entertain tourists. When deciding on the combination of cognitive and entertaining elements on an excursion, the matter should be resolved according to the formula: maximum cognitive and minimum entertaining. The question of legends has a special place in the preparation of the excursion. Only legends can be used in excursions.

In terms of their content, both texts (control and individual) coincide. And this means that in the presence of a correctly composed test text, all guides who have mastered this topic have "standard" excursions. They are the same in their content, they coincide in the assessments of historical events and facts in the conclusions that they draw on individual sub-topics and on the topic as a whole.

While analyzing the same visual object, the guides show and tell the same thing. This is the meaning of the control text as a standard.

However, with equal content, the guides can use different turns of speech, they can present the recommended facts, figures and examples in a different sequence. The individuality of the excursion lies in the fact that the guides leading the excursion on the same topic may have varying degrees of emotionality. They can, being at the same object, use different presentation techniques and forms of story. The same statement can be disclosed in different examples. The text should be written in the first person and express your personality.

Storytelling and individual text

The success of the story depends on how close the individual text is to the generally accepted speech, how it takes into account the speech characteristics of that particular guide to whom this text belongs. "The degree of influence on our consciousness of various texts depends on many reasons and conditions (logic, evidence, novelty of the topic and information, psychological attitude of the author to influence or its absence, etc.)." However, speech, its properties, structure, and features play an equally important role.

The individual texts of almost all guides on the same topic are characterized by similarities in the content and presentation of the material, in the assessment of historical events, facts and examples. However, the stories of all the guides are individual. How does the individuality of the guide find its expression? All guides, conducting excursions on the same topic, tell the same thing, but speak differently. Their story is the same in content, but different in form, use of vocabulary, and emotional level.

The method requires the guide to remember the significant difference between the speech of the lecturer and the guide when compiling an individual text.

During the excursion, the guide "rushes" objects that need to be shown to the group. The two or three hours allotted for the excursion, the stay of the tourists on their feet and in the open air, force the guide to speak briefly, clearly characterize the monuments in front of the group, and concisely talk about the events connected with them.

The duration of the story should not exceed the time that the monument is capable of capturing the attention of sightseers. Most often it is five to seven minutes. If this time is not observed, then no liveliness of the story, no methodological techniques can restore the attention of the tourists. It is no coincidence that the term "object language" is used in the methodological literature. One of the tasks of the guide is to make the object "speak".

The technique of using individual text

The guide, just like the lecturer, can use his own individual text during the excursion. For ease of use, it is recommended that they transfer the content of the story to special cards, where brief information about the object, the main thoughts of the story, individual quotes, and historical dates are recorded. For each subtopic, several cards are filled out (usually according to the number of main questions).

Using the cards, the guide does not read their content during the excursion, but only by looking into them, he recalls the content of the story. If there is a significant break between objects during the excursion, the guide can look at the cards again, refresh the story material in his memory. Most often, cards are used as a synopsis of a story in preparation for an excursion. Exceptions are those cards on which quotations and large excerpts from works of art are entered, the content of which forms the basis of the literary montage technique. On excursions, they are read in full.

The card should be easy to use. A small size is recommended, about a quarter of a sheet of thick writing paper, suitable for long-term use. The cards have serial numbers and are added before the excursion, taking into account the sequence of the revealed subtopics.

The use of cards on excursions is the right of every guide, but with the acquisition of experience, they no longer need to. The fact that the cards are at hand and can be used at the right time gives the guide confidence in his knowledge.

The presence of an individual text does not mean that all of it must be memorized by heart and conveyed to the sightseers word for word.

Logical jumps

The creators of the excursion are faced with the task of linking the content of all subtopics into a single whole. It is solved with the help logical transitions, which should be considered as an important, although not of independent significance, part of the excursion. Well-composed logical transitions give the excursion harmony, ensure consistency in the presentation of the material, and are a guarantee that the next subtopic will be perceived with interest.

Often in excursions, when moving from one subtopic to another, they use formal (constructive) transitions... Formal is a transition that is not related to the content of the excursion and is not a "bridge" from one part of the excursion to another. (For example, "Now let's go through the square", "Now we will follow on with you", "Let's take a look at another remarkable place"). However, one should not deny the legitimacy of using such transitions in general and consider them one of the mistakes in excursion work.

In those cases when the movement between objects takes a few seconds, such transitions are inevitable: (For example, "Now look here" or "Please pay attention to the monument located nearby"). Such transitions are inevitable when viewing expositions in museums and at exhibitions, where halls, thematic sections and separate stands dedicated to various sub-themes are located close to each other. Constructive passage, not being a "transitional bridge" between sub-themes, directs excursionists to familiarize themselves with the next object.

More efficient logical transition, linked to the theme of the excursion... Such a transition can begin before the group moves to the next stop, or it can end already at a stop near the object. The logical transition is dictated not so much by the features of the excursion object, but by the content of the excursion itself, the subtopic after which this transition is made.

The duration of a logical transition is usually equal in time to the movement (transition) of the group from object to object, but it can be more or less.

Acceptance (delivery) of excursions

In case of a positive assessment of the control text and methodological development of the excursion, as well as in the presence of a completed "tour guide's portfolio" and a route map, the date of acceptance (delivery) of a new excursion is assigned. Delivery of the excursion is entrusted to the head of the creative group. If he is absent due to illness or other valid reasons, the excursion is taken by one of the members of the creative group. In the acceptance (delivery) of the excursion, the heads of the excursion institution, methodological workers, members of the creative group and the methodological section, where the excursion was prepared, as well as heads of other sections, take part.

Acceptance (delivery) of the excursion is of a business nature, is carried out in the form of a creative discussion, exchange of views, identification of shortcomings. Participants in the excursion must be familiarized with its control text and methodological development, route diagram, contents of the "guide's portfolio", list of used literature, etc.

Tour approval

With a positive conclusion on the control text and methodological development, as well as on the basis of calculating the cost and determining the rate of return of a new excursion, the head of the excursion institution issues an order approving a new excursion topic and a list of guides admitted to it.

Guides who took an active part in the development of the topic and listened to on the route or during the interview are allowed to work. The conclusion of the interview is made by the methodologist of the excursion-methodical department.

All other guides, who later independently prepared this topic, conduct a test excursion in the usual way. Guides (regardless of work experience) are allowed to conduct an excursion on a topic that is new to them only if they have an individual text after listening and issuing the corresponding order.

conclusions

Mandatory documentation on the topic. Preparing a new excursion topic is a complex process. This work is considered complete when all the necessary documents have been prepared. Documentation on excursion topics is stored in the methodological office.

Table 2.2.

Documentation required for each topic

P / p No.	Document's name	Document content
1	List of related literature	All books, brochures, articles that were used in the preparation of this excursion are listed
2	Cards (passports) of objects included in the route	Information characterizing the excursion object. Type of monument, its name, event with which it is associated, location, short description, authors and time of object creation, sources
3	Control text of the excursion	Selected and verified by sources material, revealing the topic. The content of the text reveals sub-themes and main issues, serves as the basis for the introduction, conclusion, logical transitions
4	Individual texts of the guides	The material presented by a specific guide in accordance with the methodological development, the structure of the excursion, its route. Gives a characterization of objects and events
5	Route scheme (map)	A separate sheet shows the path of the group. The beginning and end of the route, objects of display, places for their observation, stops for the group's exit to the objects are indicated
6	"Guide's portfolio"	Folder with photographs, diagrams, maps, drawings, drawings, reproductions, copies of documents, samples of products of enterprises, other visual aids
7	Methodical development on the topic	A recommendation for an excursion. Methodological techniques of display and story are called, the sequence of demonstration of objects, visual aids, the technique of conducting an excursion, taking into account a differentiated approach to excursionists, is determined.
8	Excursion materials	Materials (edit)