Bavaria (it. Bayern.) - Earth in the south and south-east of the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany), is the largest largest land in the FRG. Administrative division: seven administrative districts - Upper Franconia, Middle Franconia, Lower Franconia, Upper Palatinate, Lower Bavaria, Upper Bavaria, Swabia. The capital is the city of Munich. The basis of the population is four nations - Bavarians, Frances, Schwab and Sudeten's Germans.

Geography

Landscape

The main cities of Bavaria - Munich, Nuremberg, Augsburg, Würzburg and Regensburg. In the east, the Bavaria includes part of the Franconian forest, the mountains of the Fieper, the forest parts Oberpofelzer Wald and Bemerwald, in the south of the Alps, in the west of the Swabian land of Stphenland and in the north of the sleese and Ryon.

In Bavaria, there are three parts of large German landscapes: the German part of the Northern Calcalpen and the ingredorty Alps with its attractive lakes, Schottishe Ebene with the Earth of the Adorable Hills Extras to R. Danube and the German middle mountains with a variety of landscapes.

Danube on the territory of Bavaria

In Bavaria, many rivers, most of which are associated with the Danube. In the north-west of Bavaria, the Main River proceeds with tributaries, from the slopes of the Franconian forest and Fikhtelgebirge takes the beginning of the River Zale. Pools of the Rhine and the Danube were combined in 1992 by the Rhine-Mine Danube Canal.

Danube is the second largest river in Europe after the Volga. The river bed in places fenced by dams to maintain shipping.

Bavaria - land of lakes. About 1600 lakes are focused mainly in the foothills of the Alps. The largest - Kimsee, Ammesee, Starnberg Lake, Tegernsee, Königssee; The deepest - Walchensee (192 m).

In the Franconian Alba and in the south in the Bavarian Alps, many small karst caves and vertical karst mines. The deepest mine is GeburtstagsSchacht (Geburtstagsschacht, depth of 698 m). The largest cave of Bavaria - Salzgrabenhel (Salzgrabenhöhle, 7800 m).

Bodhen lake. Far Plan - Switzerland

The border

Bavaria's border a total of 2705 km.

Baden-Württemberg	829 km
Hesse	262 km
Thuringia	381 km
Saxony	41 km
Czech Republic	357 km
Austria	816 km
Bodhen Lake	19 km - the border between Bavaria and Switzerland passes through the Lake.

History of Bavaria

Ancient story until 1180

The oldest inhabitants of the ancient-class lands were Celtic descent, with an admixture of Etruscov in the south, namely: windliki. on a flat hill to Inna, in the east - tavrici, in the Alps - rety., and in the north of the tribe boyev, whose main resort from 365 BC. e. There was Bohemia.

For a more successful Gaul protection against the invasions of Varvarov, Augustus ordered his commander, a friend and Tiberius, to conquer these countries and made two provinces from them: a region, with the main city of Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg), and Norik. The border between them was the course of Inna. But already in the third century, the calmness of both provinces, with the time of those who accepted quite a Roman character, began to threaten the movement of the German tribes. In the V century, they were temporarily engaged in gearlands, rugs and skirs, displaced from their inhabitants on the Danube invasion of Huns. The recent innocence led to the fact that the country fell under power first sharp, and then, between 530-540, the Frankish kings of Austsia. But even earlier, at the beginning of the 6th century, it established new aliens, mainly the tribes of Markomans and quads who lived in Bohemia (Bojohemum) and brought from there the name Bavara (Bajuwarii). At the head of them, from the mid-vi century, they stood the duke of the genus Aguilphings.

Duchy occupied the area between the rivers Lech and Ens, the mountains of the Fuck and the Triedent Alps. The first duke whose name is mentioned in history was Garibald I (mind in 590), who had his residence in Regensburg. Connecting with Langobards against the rule of francs, he was defeated by the last and forced to ask the world. He was inherited by his relative, Tassilon I (mind in 612), marked himself by the fact that he first discovered hostile actions against the Slavs and their allies, Avarov. With his son, Garibalde II (mind. For about 630), the Bavarians received the first written laws from the Frankish king (Lex Bajuwariorum, between 628-638) from the Franksky King. At its invitation to Bavaria arrived St. Eustachius and Agil and preached Christianity there. Finally, Christianity was introduced under Theodon II (mind in 716/718) by Frankish missionaries by Rupert, Emmeram and Korbinian.

Duke Odilon (736-748), the son-in-law of Karl Martella, formally accepted the royal title, but his attempt to overthrow the supreme power of the Frankish kings ended in that he was lowered by Carlomban and Pipin. With it, the Archbishop of St. Bonifacea divided the Bavarian Church for 4 bishops: Salzburg, Passau, Regensburg and Freising; At the same time, several monasteries were established.

Tassilon III (748-788) was forced to bring on the state pit in the oath on the fidelity of Pipina short, and received his hereditary possessions in Len. But later he violated this oath and connected with his test, the Langobard King of Deeideria and Aquitan Duke against Franc. After deploying Desidery, Karl the Great turned against his ally and the threat of war made him resume oath in Worms and issue hostages. Tassilon, however, did not obey and faced the intercourse with Avara, for which it was caused by 788 g. On the state seam in Inglegeim, he was convicted of an oath for the death penalty and, together with the whole family, sharpened to the monastery, where his genus and UGAS. Bavaria, although remained still duchy and retained its ancient laws, but was divided into several small districts, subordinates, like other regions of the state, the management of graphs. Thus, Bavaria became the province of the Franksky state and received the equal political organization with it.

Bavaria in the X century

When divided by Karl's Great, Bavaria, together with Italy, went to the second son of his Pipina, deceased during the lifetime of his father. Louis Pious, who inherited Karl the Great, handed over to his senior son Lotary with the title of King, but with a new division of 817. She moved to Louis II, nicknamed then GermanWho called himself Rex Bojoariorum and elected regensburg with his residence. Louis has continuously fought with Slavic peoples, causing much harm with its frequent raids. In the meantime, the secular power of the bishops strengthened, the power of the Palavgrafts, which ruled as the governors intensified. After the death of the German Louis (876), his son Carloman became king of Bavaria, to which Karinthia, Istria, Fryula, Panonia, Bohemia, and Moravia belonged at that time.

Germany in 919-1125 years

Carletnuna inherited (879) His younger brother Louis III "And after his death (881), the second brother Karl III is fat, who, having received 884 and the crown of France, connected in this way under his authority all states Charles V. after him she Pested (887) to the side son of Carlomanna Arnulfu, and then (899) to his son Louis Kistiti, in whose board of which Bavaria suffered a lot from the attacks of the Hungarians. With Louis Dieta, he stopped (911) Roda Caroling, and Bavarians chose their duke The son of Marcgraf Luitpold, Arnulf II of the evil, famous for his hostility with the emperor by Conrad I. His Son After his death, Otton I was the great brought Bavaria from the son of Arnulfa, Ebhard, handing it with his uncle, Bertold (mind. In 947), and then his own Brother Henry I, appointing Brother Ebarcard, Arnulfa, Pfalzgraf Bavaria. This was a reason for the inner partners who made Bavaria the theater of devastating wars. Taking advantage of the rebellion of the emperor and the Duke of Henrich, Arnulf tried again To take possession of Bavaria's hereditary Duchy, and called for the help of Hungarian, who invaded B., devastated her, but were broken by Otten on Lehfeld. Heinrich I inherited the son of His Heinrich II plump, one of the most educated princes of that time and an irreconcilable enemy of Oton II, who took him B. and handed her outton Shvabsky (mind. In 982). After the death of Cull II, Heinrich again received the Duchy of B., which after him (995) passed to his son "Henry IV, who was then the Emperor Hermansky under the name of Heinrich II. With the death of him in the history of Bavaria, almost a 200 year period comes During which the country had to suffer a lot, both from the crusades, who deprived it of a significant part of the population, and from the eternal shift of the dukes, then appointed, then abandoned by emperors, and which their mutual parties were not given to her calm down. Finally, after the expulsion of Henry XII Lion (Founder of Munich), Bavaria moved (1180) to the Paflozgraf Otten Vittelsbakh, the Rodonarchist of the Bavarian and the Palatinate House.

Henry Lion's ownership

Duke Otton Vittelsbakhsky

Duke Otton Vittelsbakh (mind in 1183) and his active successor Ludwig I significantly expanded his hereditary possessions, and the latter, in addition, received from Emperor Friedrich II in Len Rhine Palatinate. Ludwig Mind. In 1231, from hitting the dagger, applied to him by someone unknown on the Kelheim Bridge (hence his name L. Kelheimsky); To him, Bavaria is obliged to the foundation of the city of Landshuta.

Bavaria and her neighbors in 1378

The Board of his son, Ottone Svetayshest (1231-1253) was marked by internal parties due to the secular power of the bishops, striving for complete independence. For his commitment to the emperor, he was daddy dad from the church. His sons Ludwig II Stern and Heinrich XIIITwo years have ruled together, but in 1255 we divided the country among themselves, and Ludwig received an upper Bavaria with Munich, the Rhine Palatinate and the title of Kurfürst, and Heinrich, the line of which in a few years ceased, became the owner of the Lower Bavaria with the main city of Landsgut. In addition, both brothers got the inheritance of the unfortunate conradience of Gogenstaufensky. One of the two sons of Ludwig II (mind in 1253), Ludwig, was elected to the emperors under the name Louis IV Bavarian. In 1329, he concluded a separate agreement in Pavia with sons of his brother, according to which the Rhine Palatinate and the Upper Palatinate were provided; Both sides lost the right to alienate their possessions and inheritance in the women's line, while the title of Kurfürst should have belonged to both alternately. However, the last resolution was canceled by the Golden Bull (1356), which submitted to the Kurfürst dignity of the Palatinate House. Thus, there were two main lines of the Vittelsbakh Home: Pafaltsky and Bavarian. Upon termination of the Nizhnebavskaya line, Emperor Louis, with the consent of the estates, joined the lower Bavaria to the top. Him B. is obliged to also many improvements in the order of internal management; So, he granted Munich city law, published a civil code for the upper Bavaria and new proceeding laws for Lower Bavaria Louis (mind in 1347) left behind six sons and rich inheritance to which, except Bavaria, belonged to Brandenburg, Dutch and Zeelaland provinces, Tyrol, etc. But these external holdings were lost soon, and parties began between individual lines, which ended in 1505 by the compound of most of the ancient-class lands in Albrecht IV's hands.

In the XIV century, it was the beginning of the gradual development of the estate state-owned device of Bavaria, since, using the difficulties and discords of their princes, the nobility and the city extorted different rights and benefits from them, meeting support from the dominates of spiritual principalities and the property. The estates (prelates, knights and cities) were gathered when they would be pleased, and moreover, either in the form of "Seima" (United estates), or in the form of individual estates, of which each formed his special union. General state laws were previously discussed by a constant class commission, together with the advisers of the Duke, and then came to the final assertion of the Seima. The scribe of approved taxes was again made by the estates that were charged and spent them through their people, and not through the duccian officials. The heavy crisis had to survive the Core Constitution of Bavaria at the beginning of the duke of the Duke Albrecht IV, the absolutist proliferation of which caused the energetic resistance of the Nizhnybar ranks, which came to an open uprising. In 1506, the estates of the Lower and Top Bavaria were connected to a model assembly, and Duke Albrecht, conscious of all the harm of the crushing existed on the lot, achieved the recognition of the unity and inseparalism of the state and the order of the Prepoligation of the Birth of the birth. According to this, of the three of his sons: Wilhelm IV, Ludwig and Ernst, he had to inherit only Wilhelm; But after his death (1508), the distribution began, leaving for the joint rule of Wilhelm and Ludwig.

German states in 1648

Both of them provided the reformation that found numerous adherents and in Bavaria, the most decisive opposition and in 1541 called for Jesuit to the country. Wilhelm died in 1550. Son His Albrecht V Gnamy was also a friend of Jesuits, but at the same time patronized sciences and arts. Of the three sons, he was in 1579 by Wilhelm V Pious, which in 1597 was forced to send the board to his older son Maximilian I and retire to the monastery. Maximilian I, gifted by rare abilities, was a league soul formed against Protestant Ulya. During the 30-year war, Emperor Ferdinand II complained to him (1623), the Pafaltsky Kurfechsty and in the form of a collateral for military costs handed over to him the upper palatinate. The Westphalian world strengthened Maximilian I title of the fifth voter and the possession of the top panels, at the same time, the eighth Kurket was established for the Palatinate line and the right of inheritance on B. was approved for her, in case of termination of the offspring of Wilhelm. Maximilian Mind. 27 hundred. 1651 after a 55-year-old reign. With his peaceful and lean successor to Ferdinand-Maria, the last time the Bavarian Sejm was gathered, which did not differ in crowd; From this time, all the rights of the Seimas moved to a constant class commission called the class of the Costaxe (Landschafts Verordnung), originally interconnected for only 9 years. Ferdinanda-Maria inherited 1679 His Son, Maximilian II Emanuel, who acted in the War for the Spanish Legacy of France. As a consequence, after the battle at the Mochstedt (1701), the emperor cost B., as with a conquered country: Maximilian was declared a traitor and deprived of his rights, which were returned to him only in the Baden world of 1714. He inherited in 1726 Karl Albrecht. Based on the marriage agreement between the Duke of Albrecht V and his wife, Anna, the daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I, supported by the latter's testament, he presented after the death of Karl VI claims to most of the Austrian inheritance and began the war against Mary Teresia. Assistant by the French army, he won the entire Upper Austria, proclaimed himself after the conquest of Prague King Bohemian and in 1742 he was elected in Frankfurt to the German emperors, under the name of Karl VII. But on this celebration and ended it. Austria took Bavaria with his troops, and Karl Albrecht, who hurried to Munich, died sustained on January 20, 1745.

Maximilian Joseph

Son of his and heir, Maximilian Joseph, I concluded peace with Austria in Füssen, 22 Apr. 1745, recognizing the pragmatic sanction, and in return by receiving the Bavarian lands conquered by Austria. Sincerely imbued with the desire to see his country happy, he drew all his attention to improving agriculture, crafts, mining, justice, police, finance and public education. He established the Academy of Sciences in Munich (1759) and generously patronized arts. Being childless, he confirmed all the existing hereditary contracts with the house of Palatinate Kurfürst. Both under the agreements of the Vittelsbakh house and according to the definitions of the Westphalian world, the Palatinate Kurfürst belonged to the rights of inheritance to Bavaria, when the death of Maximilian Joseph 30 Dec. 1777 Ugasla Vittelsbakh line. But unexpectedly, Austria spoke with claims to the lower Bavaria and took several districts. Heir and successor Miksimilian Joseph, childless Karl Theodor (See this.), having surrendered to the guarantee of Emperor Joseph II, signed on January 3 and 14, 1778. The agreement in which Austria promised the Abstrade of the Lower Bavaria, the ownership of Mildelheim and Bohemian Lenov in the upper palatinate. But the duke of Karl Tswebryukhensky, as the nearest agnat and the likely heir to Bavaria, declared himself against this concession, prompted by the Prussian King Friedrich II. This was the reason for the so-called war for the Bavarian inheritance, which, however, ended without bloodshed by the Teshensky world of 1779, thanks to the mainly interference of Russia, who spoke against Austria. At the Kurfuist Palatz-Bavarian, the undisputed possession of Bavaria was provided, with the exception of the Inn Quarter with Brunau (38 square meters. Miles, who departed to Austria. At the same time, according to the decisions of the Westphalian world, the eighth rifucy ceased to exist.

New story

Bavaria and her neighbors in 1786

Karl Theodor Died on 16 Feb. 1799. With him, the Neurburg-Saltzbakh line of the reigning dynasty and Kulfüsskiy dignity passed to the Celebrybrynsky line. Duke Charles He died back in 1795, without leaving behind the children, and therefore the board went to his brother, Maximilian IV Iosifa. The latter immediately confirmed (patent from July 16, 1799) the country's rights in the estates, but at the same time flatly refused to convene a common seim and through his minister of Monzhel introduced a system of so-called enlightened despotism. A number of measures were followed by a new era: softening censorship, restriction of the power of the clergy in secular affairs and the abolition of monasteries. But all this did not without violence and discrepancies of public good. In the Lunevilian Mire (Feb. 4, 1801), Bavaria lost all the Rhine Palatinate, Duchy Tsweibrücken and Yulih, but received a rich reward for this, it was the Bishop of Würzburg, Bamberg, Freising and Augsburg, part of Passau, together with 12 abbey and 17 imperial cities Among which were Ulm, Kempten, Memmingen, Nigalingen and Schweinfurt. Bavaria has thus acquired 60 square meters. Miles and about 110,000 inhabitants. The pressurian world of Bavaria was increased by another 500 square meters. Miles and 1 million inhabitants. Among the new acquisitions were Tyrol, Forarlberg, Marcgrafy Burgau, the Principality of Eichstut, Marcgrafy Ansbach, instead of what Würzburg went to the former Duke of Tuscan, and Duchy Berg - to France. From the hands of an ingenic conqueror, Kurfürst received the powers and the royal title adopted by it 1 Jan. 1806 under the name Maximilian Joseph I.. Following this, he became headed by the German provincial princes, which on July 12, 1806 signed an act on the establishment of the Rhine Union, making the obligation in the event of the war to exhibit a contingent out of 30000 soldiers for the French emperor. Soon the imperial city of Nuremberg was also joined to the New Kingdom; The same fate suffered and inclaves. The old pambed device was actually canceled, and the government arranging the right to challenge taxes. The formal abolition of the old constitution followed on May 1, 1808. The proclamation of a new complained constitution, which, although promised equality to the law, equality of taxation, freedom of conscience and the general, and not a status representation, but so, everything remained only on paper.

For participation in the campaign of 1809 against Austria, Bavaria received the Principality of Regensburg, Marcgrafy Bayreuth, Salzburg, Berchtesgaden, giving away, for his part, South Tyrol, Ulm and some other districts. Bavaria numbered 3 million 300 thousand inhabitants at this time. In the Russian campaign of 1812, Bavarian contingent at 30000 people. Almost all died from cold and hunger. In 1813, she put up a new army under the Napoleon team and at the same time focused on the observation body at the Austrian border. But seeing the danger of Napoleon's position, the Bavarian government immediately changed its policy. 10 days before the decisive battle at Leipzig, it came out of the Rhine Union and concluded an agreement with Austria, according to which for the assignment of Tyrol, Forarlberg, Salzburg, the Inn Quarter, etc., all other possessions were provided, along with Würzburg, Aschaffenburg And some part of the left bank of the Rhine, forming the currently Bavarian Palatinate. Since then, Bavaria has passed on the side of the Allies and participated in the campaigns of 1814 and 1815. In the Vienna Congress, its territorial relations were finally streamlined, and the law of an autocratic sovereign was recognized as the Bavarian King. Throughout this time, in which the smart and energetic, but not alien violence, Minister, Monzele (Montgelas), than a kind and little bit of Maximilian Joseph, many French institutions were planted in Bavaria, and moreover, not always the best. But the enlightenment and education undoubtedly made progress, although quite one-sided. At the Vienna Congress, as well as after the fall of Monzele (1817), the Bavarian government jealously defeated his own privileges, and this was one of the reasons for the failure of all the then attempts to unite Germany on wider grounds than the Federal Constitution could be achieved. On May 26, 1818, the announcement of the Constitution, which in significant features remained so far. It was a pledged constitution. By virtue of her Bavaria should have remained for eternal times with an independent state, not merging with any other monarchy. All citizens of the state should be equally public and use personal freedom equally. At the same time, the freedom of conscience and press is proclaimed - the latter with well-known restrictions. The legislative power is awarded to the king cumulatively with two chambers: state counselors and the Chamber of Deputies. The latter is elected for a 6-year term and every three years should be necessarily convened for two months. The proposal of laws can come only from the king, and the decisions of chambers are legal only after the approval of the supreme power. But all decisions relating to property rights and taxes can only be published with the participation and approval of the chambers. The publication of the Constitution was preceded by the EDIKTA edition of the community device on rather liberal for that time bases. At the same time, concordate was concluded with Roman Smoke, included in the constitution. Already at the first Seimas of 1819, the House of Representatives found courage, ability and practical meaning. Sejors of 1822 and 1825 were held mainly by the debates of finance, accompanied by many unpleasant reasons for the government, as well as discussing new customs legislation, improving the judication, the establishment of the cash register, mitigation, and other restrictions, etc.

Board of Ludwig I 1825-1848.

After the death of Maximilian I, on October 13, 1825, his son climbed on the throne, which became a rule under the name Ludwig I. He entered the story as a patron of science and art. In 1826, he translated from Landshut to Munich University, which is now known as the University of Munich Ludwig Maximilian, reorganized the Academy of Arts. Under his leadership, Munich began to turn into "second Athens". However, the enterprises of the king demanded huge expenses, which members of the deputies Chamber did not particularly sympathize. This, as well as the Belgian revolution in the United Netherlands Kingdom and the July Revolution in France, led to the fact that the original Liberal King became the reactionary.

In 1837, ultramontants came to power, and Karl von Abel became the first minister. The first violin in the country began to play Jesuits, began persecution on Protestants, and liberal articles were removed from the Constitution. At the same time, Ludwig sympathetically traveled to the Greek uprising, and agreed to election of his son, Ottone, the Greek king, which was very necessary by the Bavarian Treasury, forced to support the king of the ruined country.

However, not folk protests led to the collapse of the clerkal regime in Bavaria, but the love of the king. In 1846, he was under the strong influence of the Irish adventurer Eliza Hilbert, who issued himself for the "Spanish dancer Lol Montes", which was managed, as they said, "defeat Loiol", that is, to overthrow the clerical ministry of Abel, and then the moderate Ministry of Maurera. The first minister was the prince of Ludwig von Etting-Wallentein, whose Cabinet began to be called "the Ministry of Lola". The new first minister tried to conquer the sympathies of liberals, appealing to panthermanism, but could not form a capable government.

Revolution 1848-1849

In 1848, the news about the revolution in France led to folk unrest. On March 11, the king was resigned by the first minister, and on March 20, to realize the degree of people's perturbation by his board, torn away from the throne himself. The new king was his son, Maximilian II.

Only March 6, 1848, Ludwig I issued a proclamation in which he promised that the Bavarian government would act for the sake of freedom and unity of Germany. Acting in the spirit of this proclamation, Maximilian II recognized the power of convened in Frankfurt of the German Parliament, and on December 19, issued a decree on action in the Bavaria of all the laws taken by the German Parliament. However, the primacy among Germanic states has become more and more to move to Prussia, and not to Austria. Maximilian was supported by the Parliament when refused to agree with the proposal to present the imperial crown to the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm IV. However, Maximilian went against the will of the people, refusing to support the project of the German Constitution, when it turned out that, according to him, Austria was excluded from the German Union.

The Board of Maximilian II 1848-1864.

After rejecting the father of King Bavaria Ludwig I, his son Maximilian II enters the throne of Bavaria in 1848.

Bavaria during the unification of Germany

The Bavarian Kingdom initially counteracted the strengthening of Prussia's role in Germany. In the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Bavaria spoke on the side of Austria. The result of participation in this war for Bavaria was defeated; Under the conditions of the peace treaty, Bavaria lost to Prussia, a number of territories, namely the ORB County and Gersfeld, lying in the sleeper and the Ryon Mountains, with 32976 inhabitants, and was supposed to pay 30 million florines of military ending. In addition, due to the collapse of the German Union and the formation of the new North German Union, which the South German states, including Bavaria, could not be included in particular Franco-Prussian agreements, the kingdom was in political isolation.

Since that time, the rapprochement of Bavaria and Prussia begins, the result of which was the participation of Bavaria in the Franco-Prussian war on the side of the latter. During this war, Bavarian troops acted perfectly. The validity of them is witnessed by battles in Weisenburg and Verte, under Sedan, Paris and Orleans. The overall rise of national consciousness at the time was so strong that the population of Bavaria in numerous addresses addressed to the government applied to joining the North-German Union. Nevertheless, when negotiations with the Union on this issue, the Bavarian government tried to repay the maximum preferences. Finally on November 23, 1870, an agreement was signed on the accession of Bavaria to the Union. For this Treaty, Bavaria retained its own diplomacy, an army, mail, telegraph, telegraph, railways, taxation system and complete independence in matters of citizenship and the right of settlement. Similar contracts were concluded by the rest of the South Hermann states. In the North German Union thus included all Member States of the former German Union, except Austria, Luxembourg and Liechtenstein.

On November 30, 1870, the King of Bavaria Ludwig II, by agreement with other German monarchs, turned to the Prussian king with the so-called "imperial letter", in which he asked Prussian King Wilhelm I to take the title of German emperor. For this, Bismarck guaranteed Ludwig a significant cash payments from the specially created Velf Foundation.

January 18, 1871 in Versailles Palace Under Paris, Bismarck in the presence of German princes read the text of the proclamation of the Prussian king by the emperor of the German Empire. And on April 16 of the same year, the Constitution of the new state was adopted, part of which was from the beginning of Bavaria.

Bavaria as part of the German Empire

Bavaria as part of the Weimar Republic

On November 12, 1918, the Bavarian Folk Party (BNP) was created on the basis of the Bavarian Catholic Party of the Center. From 1919 to 1933, BNP was the most influential political force in Bavaria, invariably entering all provincial governments. Its representatives became three times the presidential ministers of Bavaria:

• Hugo von Lernenefeld Köfering (September 21, 1921 - November 8, 1922),
• Oumen von Klaning (November 8, 1922 - July 1, 1924),
• Heinrich Held (July 2, 1924 - March 10, 1933).

In November 1923, in Munich, the first attempt was made to capture the authorities by the Nazis, during the beer coup. He was depressed, his initiators led by A. Hitler were arrested. Hitler and his associates were serving a sentence in Landsberg prison.

Bavaria as part of the Third Reich

During the Third Reich, the federal device was liquidated. The territory of Bavaria was divided between several Reichsgau. In Nuremberg, the congresses of NSDAP were held. During World War II, Munich, Nuremberg and other cities received severe destruction from bombing.

Political system

The legislative body of the Federal Earth - Bavarian Landtag (Him. Bayerischer Landtag; Since 1999, one-palate, in 1946-1999 in parliament was the Upper Chamber - Senate (it.)russian ), who is elected by the population for 5 years. The executive body - the Bavarian Government (Bayerische Staatsregierung), which is formed by Landtag and consists of:

• Minister President (Him. Bayerischer Ministerpräsident ) - Prime Minister, Head of the Government of Bavaria,
• bavarian state ministers
• bavarian state secretaries.

Constitutional supervisory authority - Bavarian Constitutional Court ( Bayerischer Verfassungsgerichtshof.) (Early - Bavarian State Court of Justice ( Bayerischer Staatsgerichtshof.)), Higher judicial authorities are the Supreme Land of the Bamberg ( Oberlandesgericht Bamberg.), The highest land court of Munich ( Oberlandesgericht München.) and the Supreme Land Court of Nuremberg ( Oberlandesgericht Nürnberg.) (until 1932 also the highest land court of Augsburg ( Oberlandesgericht Augsburg.)), until 2006, the Bavarian Supreme Court stood on them ( Bayerisches Oberstees Landesgericht.), the highest judicial instance of the administrative justice - the Bavarian Administrative Court ( Bayerischer Verwaltungsgerichtshof.).

Politics

Within a long time, a Christian-Social Union (HCU) was held in Bavaria, who almost always received more than 50 percent of the votes during the elections to Landtag. However, during the elections held on September 28, 2008, the party could not get the absolute majority of places in Landtag and was forced to enter into negotiations with WDP on the formation of a coalition government. In connection with the failure in the elections, the then Prime Minister of Bavaria, Günther Buckstein, was forced to resign. HCC Chairman Erwin Huber also had to leave his post. October 25, 2008, at the HSS party meeting, Horst Zehofer was elected the new party leader. After the vote in Landtag on October 27, 2008, Horst Zehofer was also elected Prime Minister of Bavaria. On the same day, Landtag deputies for the first time in the history of Bavaria elected a woman to Barbaru strain.

At the elections of 2013, HCS scored 47.7%, having received 101 place from 180. SDPG scored 20.6% and received 42 seats. SVDP scored 3.3% and lost places in Landtag. HCC formed a one-party government.

Elections

The distribution of places in the Bavarian Landtag after the elections, which took place on September 15, 2013 (only 180 seats) and the percentage of voters gained:

• HSS 101 place, 47.7%
• SDP 42 seats, 20.6%
• Free voters 19 seats, 9%
• "Union 90 / Green" 18 seats, 8.6%

Results of parties that have not passed to Landtag after 2013 elections as a percentage:

• CVDP 3.3%
• Left 2.1%
• Bavarian Party 2.1%
• ÖDP 2%
• Pirates party 2%
• Republicans 1%
• NDP 0.6%
• Others 0.2%

Population of Bavaria

Bavarians are the descendants of the three ancient German Allied tribes - Bavarov, Franks and Swabs (Alemanov) - differ in the nature of speech, customs, ways of thinking and maidos. Later, in 1945, more than two million refugees and persons deported from the former German territories were added to their number, which brought their own traditions and culture.

• Bavarians - are the descendants of Bavarov, inhabit the administrative districts Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate. With a number of about 6.4 million people, they account for approximately half of the population of Bavaria.
• Frances - are descendants of francs. Their seings are located in administrative districts The upper, middle and lower franconium, which are part of the Bavaria Earth from the beginning of the XIX century, is currently living about 4.1 million French.
• Schwab. - The name of 1.8 million Bavarian shvabs is named by the Administrative District of Schwabia.
• « Fourth tribe"Also to three Bavarian ethnic groups joined the expelled Sudeten Germans who moved to Bavaria mainly after 1945. Free Earth provided them with protection and support. In decree of November 5, 1962, it is said: the Government of Bavaria recognizes the belonging of the Sudeten Germans to the indigenous Bavarian population. Exceived by gratitude to the acquired homeland, "New Bavarians" put a lot of strength to its recovery after World War II.

Cities with the number of residents above 50 thousand

City	Census December 31, 2000.	Census December 31, 2005.	Census December 31, 2009.
Munich	1 210 223	1 259 677	1 330 440
Nuremberg	488 400	499 237	503 673
Augsburg	254 982	262 676	263 646
Würzburg	127 966	133 906	133 195
Regensburg	125 676	129 859	134 218
Ingolstadt	115 722	121 314	124 387
FURT.	110 477	113 422	114 044
Erlangen.	100 778	103 197	105 554
Bayreuth	74 153	73 997	72 576
Bamberg	69 036	70 081	69 827
Ashaffenburg	67 592	68 642	68 722
Landshut	58 746	61 368	62 735
Kempten	61 389	61 360	62 007
Rosenheim	58 908	60 226	60 877
Schweinfurt.	54 325	54 273	53 533
Noah-ulm	50 188	51 410	53 034
Passau.	50 536	50 651	50 627

Extras: The Bavarian Land Office has provided this statistic and processed data.

Religion

Palmnic Church in His

Religience in Bavaria:	1840 *	1900 *	1933 *	1950	1970	in 2006.
Roman Catholic	71,1 %	70,5 %	70,0 %	71,9 %	70,4 %	57,2 %
Evangelical	27,4 %	28,3 %	28,7 %	26,5 %	25,2 %	21,3 %
Muslim	-	-	-	-	0,9 %	2,2 %
Judist	1,4 %	0,9 %	0,5 %	0,1 %	0,1 %	0,1 %
Other religions	0,1 %	0,3 %	0,8 %	1,5 %	3,4 %	19,2 %

* Including Palatinate

Administrative device

The federal land of Bavaria includes 71 district (it. Landkreis) and 25 cities of land subordination (it. Kreisfreie Stadt.) (In brackets index of areas and cities on car numbers), Areas are divided into cities (it. Stadt.) And communities (it. Gemeinde), Cities are divided into urban districts (it. StadtBezirk.), communities for community quarters (it. Gemeindeteil.).

Administrative districts

Administrative map of the land of Bavaria

The Republic of Bavaria consists of several administrative districts. List of districts:

Administrative District	Administrative center	AO.	Abbreviation	Area km²	A citizen (Sep 2005)	Population density person / km²
Upper Bavaria	Munich	091	OB.	17 529,63	4 232 962	241
Lower Bavaria	Landshut	092	NB.	10 329,91	1 197 631	116
Upper Palatinate	Regensburg	093	Op.	9691,03	1 090 318	113
Upper Franconia	Bayreuth	094	OFR	7231,00	1 103 239	153
Middle Franconia	Ansbach	095	MFR.	7244,85	1 708 841	236
Lower Franconia	Würzburg	096	UFR.	8530,99	1 342 308	157
Shvabiy	Augsburg	097	Schw.	9992,03	1 789 698	179
Bavaria	Munich			70 549,11	12 464 997	177

Freunung - Grafenau (FRG)

Fürstenfeldbruck (FFB)

FURT (FÜ)

Garmisch-Partenkirchen (GAP)

Günzburg (GZ)

Hasberg (HAS)

Hof (HO)

Kelheim (Keh)

Kitzingen (KT)

Kronea (KC)

Kulbach (KU)

Landsberg-on-Lech (LL)

Landshut (LA)

Lichtenfels (LIF)

Lindau (Bodensee) (LI)

Mine - Sweesert (MSP)

MB (MB)

Miltenberg (MIL)

Muldorf-on-Inn (MÜ)

Munich (M)

Neuburg - Schroenhausen (ND)

Neumarkt - Upper Palatinate (NM)

Neustadt-on-Aishe - Bad Windsheim (NEA)

1. Neustadt-on Valdnabe (new)
2. Noah-Ulm (NU)
3. Nuremberg (LAU)
4. Upper Algaya (OA)
5. Eastern Algaya (Oal)
6. Passau (PA)
7. Pfaffenhofen-on-Ilme (PAF)
8. Regen (REG)
9. Regensburg (R)
10. Ryon - Grabfeld (NES)
11. Rosenheim (RO)
12. ROT (RH)
13. Rottal-Inn (PAN)
14. Schwandorf (SAD)
15. Schweinfurt (SW)
16. Starnberg (STA)
17. Straubing - Bogen (SR)
18. Tirchenroit (TIR)
19. Trauntein (TS)
20. Nizhny Algia (MN)
21. Wilheim - Schongau (WM)
22. Weissenburg - Gunzenhausen (Wug)
23. Vaunzidel - Fieper (WUN)
24. Würzburg (WÜ)

Free cities (Kreisfreie Städte)

Local government bodies

Representative bodies of districts - Bezirkstagi ( bezirkstag), consisting of becirclass ( bezirksrat.), elected by the population according to the proportional system with an open list, the executive power in the district carries out the district committee ( bezirksausschuss.).

Representative bodies of districts - Krestagi ( kreistag.) consisting of lander ( landrat.) who leads the meeting, and Craisratov ( kreisrat.), elected by the population on the proportional system with an open list, the executive power in the area is carried out by the Landrart, elected by the population, and the district committee ( kreisausschuss.), consisting of a lander and members of the district committee, elected by Krestag in proportion to the size of the factions.

Representative bodies of cities - Standrats ( stadtrat.), consisting of Ober Burgomistra ( oberbürgermeister) who leads the meeting and members of Statthart ( stadtratSmitglied), elected by the population on the proportional system with an open list, the executive power in the city carries out Ober-Burgomaster, elected by the population.

Representative bodies of communities - Hemendarati ( gemeInderat.) consisting of burgomistra ( bürgermeister), which leads the meeting, and members of the hemenderat ( gemeinderatsmitglied.), elected by the population according to the proportional system with an open list, the executive power in the community is carried out by the burgomaster, elected by the population.

Representative bodies of urban districts - District Committees (Bezirksausschuss), elected by the population.

Regions

Algia (Him. Allgäu.) Altmultal (it. Altmühltal) thug Alps (it. Alpenvorland.) Bavarian Alps (it. Bayerische Alpen.) Bavarian forest (it. Bayerischer Wald.) Himgau (Him. Chiemgau.) Donyaum (Him. Donaumoos.)

Donaurid (Him. Donauried.) Fuck (it. Fichtelgebirge.) Frankenehee (Him. Frankenhöhe.) Franconian forest (it. Frankenwald.) Franconian Alb (Him. FRÄNKISCHE ALB.) Franconian Switzerland (it. Fränkische Schweiz)

Goyboden (it. Gäuboden.) Hasberg (Him. Haßberge.) Heldah (Him. Holledau.) Inn-iltshah (it. Inn-Salzach.) Lehfeld (it. Lechfeld.) Oberpaltsky lakes (it. Oberpfälzer SEENLAND.) Oberpfaltsky forest (it. Oberpfälzer Wald.)

Ryon (Him. Rhön.) Ruppyifiedintel (it. Rupertiwinkel) Rottal (it. Rottal) Nigalinger Rica (Him. Nördlinger Ries.) Sweesert (it. Spessart) Steyger Forest (Him. Stegerwald.)

In honor of Bavaria, the asteroid (301) of Bavaria, opened in 1890, is named.

Pagracy regions

Partners of the free state of Bavaria.

Economy

... Over the past decades, Bavaria has become a modern highly developed region. Enterprises of an international scale, strong secondary entrepreneurship and promising scientific research provide it to the primary position on the top of technical and economic progress. Bavaria remains faithful to its principles, despite all sorts of changes. Tradition and progress is such a motto of free land. Being a member of the actively developing European community, Bavaria does not lose its own identity and self-esteem ..... Horst Zeehofer, Bavaria Prime Minister

Bavaria has the largest economic and scientific potential among 16 FRG federal lands and leads the rate of economic growth (for 1985-2005, Bavaria's GDP increased by 28.2%, and on average by country - by 14.6%).

In 2005, Bavaria's GDP amounted to 403 billion euros (18% of Osmermansky), of which, about 69% accounted for in the sphere of trade and services, 30% - to industry and only 1% - to the agricultural industry.

In 2006, Bavaria became the first in the last 30 years of the Federal Earth of Germany, who accepted a short-state budget.

Bavaria from the agrarian country, proceeds to the technological state and claims to be one of the most developed countries in Germany. Engineering, in particular, the automotive industry and the aerospace industry plays the most important role in the economy of Bavaria. Electrical engineering, accurate mechanics, optics, manufacture of medical equipment, chemical industry are also developed.

Well-developed areas of Bavaria, are: Metropolitan area of \u200b\u200bMunich with developed auto industria ( BMW., Audi., Man., Knorr-Bremse.), information sector ( Siemens., Infineon Technologies., Microsoft.), means mass media and publishers ( Prosiebensat1, Sky Deutschland., Kabel Deutschland., Publisher Burda.), military industry ( EADS., Krauss-Maffei Wegmann); Augsburg district ( EADS., Kuka., UPM-Kymmene.), Ingolstadt ( Audi., Media-Saturn-Holding) And the "Bavarian chemical triangle" between the Kimsee lake and the Rivers of the Inn and Olsa. Tourism is developed (historical sights, museums, beer gardens, Oktoberfest, fairs).

Agriculture

Bavaria also belongs to the forest in Austria of Zhulforste.

Tourism

One of the sources of Bavaria's income is tourism. Bavaria is considered land leisure. Because of the beauty of its landscapes and a well-developed infrastructure, as well as the Alpine Trigger and the Bavarian Alps themselves, it was a favorite destination for tourists, at any time of the year.

Bavaria is the largest land in Germany. Some Bavarian cities were built by the Romans.

The capital is Munich (the first mention in 1158), about 1.35 Miles live in it. residents (February 2009). The city center is a favorite tourist area "Marienplatz" with a new town hall building. On the eastern side of Marienplatz, there is an old town hall, in the building of which today is the museum of toys. A little south of Marienplatz stands built in the XI century Church of St. Peter. To the southwest of the church, the Munich City Museum is located on St. Jacob's Square. Its exhibits cover the history of the culture of Munich, here there are photos and filmuses, the museum of dolls, musical instruments and much more. State National Galleries in Munich: Old Pinakotek (Old Masters), New Pinakotek (Art of the New Time), Pinakotek of our time (modern art); Bavarian National Museum with a collection of sculpture, decorative art, folk art; State collection of natural history exhibits; German Museum.

Bavaria is a place for holding a large number of different festivals, among which the most famous Oktoberfest and Landshut wedding.

Bavarian figures

Religion and Politics Benedict XVI - Former Pope Franz Joseph Strauss - Former Prime Minister Edmund Stomiber - Former Prime Minister Horst Zehofer - Prime Minister

I think everyone will agree with the statement, which states that Bavaria is a real habitat of romantics. Each element of nature in its individual, and the collected together they create an excellent picture. To begin with, you can pay attention to the green hills, then spend the day on fishing in the purest lakes, and then try to conquer the snow-covered Alps.

It is this region of Germany for some reason that is called a romantic dear. Although, it is obvious that this title he received due to the presence of such a large number of opportunities. Each city of Bavaria boasts his own highlight, so we decided to make a small information list in which we will tell about all the most beautiful places that must be visited. Moreover, you can get more pleasure if you go on a trip to Bavaria yourself.

By the way, in the case of the choice of autonomous travel mode, we recommend that you use the services of the Economybookings.com service, with which you can find a car for rent at an optimal price. Nobody, of course, did not cancel the train with airplanes, so it's time to get into the way. So, we present to your attention the city of Bavaria, who are worth seeing during independent travel.

Nuremberg

The first city, which would like to tell, is Nuremberg, who is here the treasury of the German Empire here. This title got this place for the preservation of its medieval appearance and its ideal conservation to this day.

Hundreds of identical houses with tiled roofs, small streets and width, majestic areas and wide bridges. The city itself will be extremely interesting from all sides, so it will definitely need not one day for his full study.

Places for compulsory visits to Nuremberg:

• Burg, or the so-called Nuremberg Castle, consisting of the castle of emperors called Kaiserburg, no less impressive in terms of the size of the Burgggrafenburg and the majestic fortress of Nuremberg.
• The local market square, which is in addition to the entire venue for the Fair at the time of Christmas, known in all Germany. Starting from the first month of winter, when the solemn opening of the bazaar occurs, all this place begins to be soaked in the christmas spirit. New Year's music, multicolored garlands, and, of course, to try numerous traditional dishes. By the way, I would like to receive a separate recommendation to honor Lebkuchny, the delicious marzipan, famous Bavarian sausages and classic Mulled wine. In a word, however, you can not see what the real fairy tale starts to play around.
• The Church of Frauenkirche, located on the central square of the city, has already attracted tourists from all over the world with its unique clocks, which depict miniature subjects, which daily, at noon worship their king. Opposite the chapel is an impressive fountain in size, which is painted in various colors during night ideas.
• The most popular museums in Nuremberg are the Museum of Toys, Museum of Transport, as well as Museum of Mail and Communications.
• If you are interested to look at the old imperial relics, then we definitely recommend to visit the Nuremberg Town Hall, in which copies of the crown and the Scepter of Person No. 1 are preserved. Whereas in the basement you can visit the prison and the torture chamber.
• Perhaps most famous placeThat seek to inspect all tourists, is the Palace of Justice, famous for the famous Nuremberg Process in him, during which a sentence was sentenced to more than six-hundred Nazi criminals.

Tip: Do not miss use, the so-called historical mile of Nuremberg, representing a tourist routeWhose path passes through various medieval buildings in the region of the Old Town.

Würzburg

Würzburg can be called the city, undeservedly remaining without due attention of travelers. Unfortunately, most tourists do not attend this city while traveling in Bavaria, although it would be definitely worth it. It is worth noting that the first historical fact About Würzburg dates back 704 year. It was here that the knightly tournament was held, who went down in history as the first similar event in German lands.

A pair of centuries later this place has acquired a broadest fame due to education in the local limits of the first center of hunting for the witches. But only there was nothing memorable in terms of architecture since then, as during the storming of Germany in 1945, the city was completely destroyed by British aviation, which did not prevent him from rebuilding for so many short time.

Places for a compulsory visit in Würzburg:

• Marienberg is a majestic fortress on the other side of the River Main, which up to 1720 was considered a full residence of local bishops. It is worth noting that this construction rises almost above the entire city due to the location on the hill, and it is also known to be mixed with architectural styles affecting not one century due to constant reconstructions and rebuildings. By the way, the oldest city church and a couple of historical museums are also located on the territory of the fortress.
• An old bridge, connecting the neighborhood of the fortress with the city territory. A feature of the bridge is to decorate the dozen statues of saints, bishops, as well as German rulers.
• In the features of the city there is one of the monuments of world culture, represented by the Würzburg Episcopa Residence, reflecting in its inferiority, a sample of late Baroque, which will have to do with all connoisseurs of art.

Oberammergau

Oburammergau is a small bavarian town, noteworthy coloring all its homes with various fabulous or biblical plots, intertwined with traditional ornaments. You simply can not imagine how majorly it looks at this settlement against the background of the snow-covered Alps. This place simply must be included in your independent travel route.

Another feature of Oberammergau is a local theater, known for all Germany with its six-month for the duration of the ideas passing once in ten years. It is noteworthy that the actors in these ideas are ordinary towns of the town. By the way, near the settlement is located famous castle Ludwig II called Linderhof.

Munich

Obviously, any route of self-journey in Bavaria will include a visit to Munich, which is worth a visit for a number of reasons (history, beer, sausages, festivals, holidays, concerts), but let me introduce some other "secret" attractions of the city (see).

Places for compulsory visits to Munich:

Founded before our era of the town simply must be included in the route, since older places in Bavaria you will definitely not find.

Places for compulsory visits in Auxburg:

• City Hall, which is the main city symbol. It is here that all the significant events of the city and the region are carried out mainly. Be sure to look at this place from the inside, since it is abundantly decorated with painting.
• The city in the city called Fuggeriai, which is a historic district, and a residential (and very expensive), which was named after the founder of Jacob Fugger's founder. There is a church, a school, a hospital and even the gate (the quarter is discovered by the wall).
• Majestic Mercenary Tower;
• Family House Mozarta
• Multicolored weaver house - you will definitely won't pass.

Bamberg

It turns out, not one Rome was built on seven hills (see). In Germany, there is also a town that was built in the same way. No one really could say how to survive the city during bombing in 1945, but this is the best, because now you can meet many buildings that have retained the architecture of the Middle Ages.

But the city is famous not only by family hills, and also ten his own brewing factories, whose total number in the district reaches eighty units. If you like a little bit of beer, then do not take advantage of the opportunity and go to Bamberg. And here there is a small river called regnets, a dividing city into two almost equal parts (Budapest does not remind?).

Places for mandatory visits in Bamberg:

• Bamberg Cathedral, which is an ideal model of a romance architecture, including elements of early gothic;
• Altenburg Fortress, which was previously located in the place of residence of the archbishop of the city and in parallel served as a refugee refugee.
• Town Hall, now speaking as a museum. In fact there is nothing to look, but look at its arrangement, on artificial island It is necessary.
• Garden Million Roses.

Fussen

The final stage of our journey will be Fuussen, which can be considered almost the most important city in the number of attractions and other deserving places.

It is here that Noyshvstin's castles in all of Germany are located nearby, as well as Hohenschwangau, not to mention dozens of other no less stunning places for visiting.

As a rule, tourists get here rarely, ending their journey back in Munich, but believe me, here is more beautiful than in Munich. What is only Fuussen, consisting of numerous picturesque houses creating a unique architectural ensemble.

Places for compulsory visits to Fussen:

• Top castle;
• Noyshvstin Castle, towering on the cliff and from afar creating the impression of a guy in the sky. The feature of this place is the frescoes that retell dozens of various German legends on any way. Well, about the form that opens from the cliff, I am alive at all.
• Castle Hohenschwangau, placed, as well as its above-described twist, too, on the cliff. Be sure to pay attention to local frescoes!
• The church dedicated to the suffering from Christ during his stay in Visa (all the frescoes pass the tales and plots from the Bible);
• Majestic Mount Tegelberg, which allows to embrace both castle and town in general. Before it can only be reached on the funicular, because over the past few years, hiking roads were simply washed by abundant rains;
• Numerous lakes: Alpzee, Schwansee, as well as Forggensee and Weisssensee.

• Tours for the New Year around the world
• Burning tours around the world

Bavarians argue: "If the Germans need to boast of their successes - they show something Bavarian ..." and it looks like the truth. After all, the best here gorno. ski resorts countries, the largest recipes of meat dishes, the largest number of registered beer recipes, the most visited locks, the largest number of rivers and lakes, the largest number of cities that are more than 800 years old, the two largest carnival in Europe and the world's largest beer Festival ... In general, everything is here "the most", and most importantly - everything is perfect for tourism, shopping and generously seasoned with excellent weather. In Bavaria, the largest number of sunny days a year among German-speaking lands.

Bavarians so talk about their land "We have everything, as well as" Audi "and" BMW "..."

How to get to Bavaria

Getting to the regions and resorts of Bavaria is conveniently through Munich and Frankfurt.

Passau - "Bavarian Venice", built in the beauty of the famous fusion site of three rivers: Inna, Ilza and Danube. The city did not suffer during the bombing of the Allies and reported to us all the beauty of the Baroque style, which was built.

Of the 50 thousand inhabitants in it 10 thousand students, so they are going to pass in Passau not only for the sake of Baroque, but also for the sake of nightlife.

And Ingolstadt with the Museum "Audi", Günzburg with a park "Legolend", city-island Lindau with painted facades, the village of Garmisch-Partenkirchen is a favorite holiday destination Hitler, and now the place of pilgrimage of thousands of climbers, skiers and just tourists, to the foot Mount Tsugspitz is the highest point of Germany.

Transport

The most popular Munich transport - electric trains S-Bahn. This is completely replaced by the metro Comfortable electric trains, which are integrated into a common network with buses, trams and railway transport. Red electric trains come to each station with an interval of 20 minutes (Break from 1:30 to 4:00).

Most tourists move on Bavaria on trains and buses, armed with one bavarian ticket Bayern Ticket.which can be bought at the office. The site is German railways (in English) or in the inputs in the subway in the red tickets DB-Bahn. It will ensure the delivery of a tourist to the most tiny village not only in Bavaria, but also in some adjacent lands and countries. For example, to Ulma (in the land of Baden-Württemberg), Sonnenberg (in Thuringia) and the Austrian Salzburg. A ticket inexpensive, and the system of railway transport is very conveniently organized: no desets (at all); At stations, trains and buses there are signs indicating how to get to the most popular tourist destinations.

Also in the cities of the region there are one-time tickets extending to all types of urban transport. Travels differ in zones and time. With the so-called "short ticket", or Einzelfahrkarte Kurzstrecke, you can go an hour within one tariff zone. However, if the road takes more time or you will need to cross the boundaries of the zones, it will not work. Another one-time travel Einzelfahrkarte operates 3 hours in several zones, but the more borders need to cross, the more expensive it will cost it. In some cities, there is a passing Streifenkarte - it consists of 10 tearless strips, each of which allows you to go within an hour in the same zone.

Traveling on Bavaria by taxi is worth it. Here for example, the cost of a 10-minute trip by city: Munich - 9-15 EUR, Ingolstadt - 10-15 EUR, Regensburg - 14-17 EUR, Augsburg - from 12 EUR, Schongau - 11-15 EUR, Füssen - 10-12 EUR, Nuremberg - from 17 EUR, Bamberg - 10 EUR, Würzburg - from 14 EUR.

From other types of transport: the shipment on the Danube in the town of Passau and the famous funicular to Mount Tsugschpice near the village of Garmisch-Partenkirchen.

In Bavaria, it is interesting to ride a bike. Rental and sports equipment stores, renting transport, are in several cities. But it is more convenient to take a bike in Munich and from there to lay the route - in the center of the province, the choice of grace and rental items themselves. If it does not suit the price, you can look cheaper.

Bavaria cards

Rent a Car

It is important to follow the requirements of road signs and markup. Inattention on the Bavarian roads can do it very expensive - local traffic cops do not overlook foreigners, and fines in Bavaria are extremely large. Even worse, if, disperse on the autobahn, the driver will not notice that he left for the "jouris" - mountain serpentines, which in many places begin very unexpectedly.

You can get from Munich for an hour to Ingolstadt, Regensburg, Augsburg, Schongau and Fussen with famous Castles Hohenschwangau and Neuschwestin. For two hours - to Nuremberg, Bamberg and Würzburg.

Hotels Bavaria

Guides in Bavaria

Entertainment and attractions

In the National Park, the Bavarian Forest survived fragments of wild forests with mountain streams, swamps and live inhabitants.

One of the most interesting and conflicting expositions of the capital of Bavaria is a city museum. Of the 4 of its parts, only one is devoted to the history of Munich and its cultural specificity, and 3 others - the origin of national socialism, musical instruments and a puppet theater. The last section attracts adults and children. Little visitors will not leave indifferent and Munich Zoo - the largest in Europe.

Footing on the museum chairs, go to "Grassg" or Hofbroyhaus. In the first one, you can find the secrets of the production of spicy schnapps, in the second - to try tens of varieties of the Bavarian beer.

The collection of the Bavarian National Museum is more traditional - furniture, weapons, decorations, everyday and applied items of different eras and peoples. Those who prefer the historical exhibits of the work of art, it is worth looking into the old Pinakotec - one of the world's largest picture galleries. And the fans of the German auto industry will be interested in the exposition of the BMW and Audi museums, which presents tens of cars and motorcycles - from the ancients to the last innovative models.

Noteworthy tourist objects There is in every Bavarian city. In Bamberg, this is the Cathedral, which is famous for internal decoration, the marble tomb of its founder and the "Bamberg Rider". Tourists in Dakhau attracts the museum open at the site of the former concentration camp. And although in a small German town there are architectural monuments, parks and vintage streets, people come here for the sake of the museum and memorial to remember and not repeat.

Castles of Bavaria

Castles are different. The equipped and in the ruins, conveniently located and do not consider it necessary to lay at least some road to themselves. But all of them are romantic fragments of the princes and princesses. Bavaria castles are divided into two types. The first is the impregnable solid on the tops of the mountains, to the second - the Palaces of 17-18 centuries are drowning in the luxury, stylized under the knight's fortresses.

In Bavaria, a very big density of these most castles, they are near any city. There are several hundreds of hundreds in the current form and as much as the ruins. The fact is that in the Middle Ages, the population of Bavaria was annoyed by his neighbors all the time - perhaps the habit of wearing leather shorts in the tightness - but from 3 to 17th century did not stop in this area. To survive during the German attacks, the local Slavic leaders built fortified asylums on the slopes, then francs and other Germans were strengthened, squeezing to the Slavs and defended in these mountains from the raids of new SDD savages from neighboring countries. It happened that on the dominant heights of each settlement Bavaria is one or two castle.

Bodhen Lake

The Lake of the Lake in its length (63 km) ranks third in Europe. Most of this huge and beautiful reservoir belongs to Germany, the residue is divided by Austria and Switzerland. His maximum depth - 252 m. The spa towns along the coast have equipped beaches: both paid (with the most developed service) and with free entrance. In this area of \u200b\u200bGermany, many architectural and historical monuments, churches, monasteries and castles.

Water sports lovers can enjoy surfing, swimming, yacht walks. Also in holidaymakers - golf, tennis, horse riding, bicycle rings, roller skating on special tracks along the lake. On Lake Three large islands: Lindau, Mainau and Reichenau. Mainau - "Flower Island", Island Reserve: There are more than a thousand species of butterflies, rare plants, lianas and orchids.

Lake Obserzee near Berchtesgaden

Lake Kimsee

Lake Kimsee, also known as the "Bavarian Sea", is located in the south-east of Bavaria 80 km from Munich and 40 km from Salzburg. Thanks to Crystal clean water, well-groomed beaches and not affected by the nature of the lake has a high status among tourists - there is no such time when local hotels are filled.

Lake width 11 km, length - 15 km. In the summer months, water is heated to +25 ° C. Here are developed water species Sports: windsurfing, yachting, fishing. In addition, lovers active rest Waiting for hiking in the mountains and cycling.

In the center of Kimsee, the "Island of Women" is towering Frauenanzel with a valid female monastery, and the neighbor's island, the "Island of Men" Herrennosee with the Hunting Castle of the King Louis of the Second.

It is possible to fix health here at the resorts of the priest-am Kimsee with its healing air and bad endorph with thermal waters saturated with iodine.

Ryon Biosphere Reserve

Lake Titizee

Lake Titisee is located southeast of Freiburg, in the Black Forest Mountains (the most environmentally friendly and industrially intact German district). Its length is 1.8 km, width - 750 m. Transparent water and clean beaches attract many travelers here.

In the town of Titisa, on the shopping street Seeshtrasse you can buy a lot of goods, which will then become an undoubted confirmation that the traveler visited it in the Black Forest: a clock with a cuckoo, ham, various types of local schnapps, traditional clothing and applied art items, leather products. There are also elegant boutiques and jewelry shopsNumerous restaurants and discos.

On Titisa - the mass of opportunities for practicing various sports. You can ride on the lake on the catamaran, rent a boat or motorboat.

Bavarian Alps

Lake Tegernize

Lake Tegernsee, which became a medical and climatic resort in Europe, is 55 km from Munich at an altitude of 732 m above sea level. Treatment here is based on the thermal waters of local sources containing iodine and other trace elements. Tegernsee resorts include: Bad Wissea, Rottach Egen and Tegernsee directly.

Entertainment: Swimming, Flights on hot-air balloon, Fishing, Walking in Mountains, Underwater, Golf, Paragliding, Cycling, Surfing, Tennis, sailing, Horseback Riding. For gambling - casino. On the embankment a large selection of restaurants, bars, cafes and bistro.

Weather

Bavaria is the ground of the resorts, although located far from the sea. In each month - on 17-20 sunny days. The grapes grow here, and next to the mountains - ski resorts, there are plenty of water from the mountains, but there is little thunderstorms and rains. In Bavaria there is no seasons with bad weather. That is why it is likely that the color of the German society is still in the Bavarian Alps, and the kings and dukes built themselves the palaces in Bavaria, managing the country from here.

Administrative districts in Bavaria:

• Upper Bavaria
• Lower Bavaria
• Upper Palatinate
• Upper Franconia
• Middle Franconia
• Lower Franconia
• Shvabiy

Free cities:

• Amberg
• Ansbach
• Augsburg
• Ashaffenburg
• Bayreuth
• Bamberg
• Vaiden
• Würzburg
• Ingolstadt
• Kaufboren
• Kempten
• Coburg.
• Landshut
• Memmingen
• Munich
• Nuremberg
• Passau.
• Regensburg
• Rosenheim
• Schwabach
• Schweinfurt.
• Straubing
• Erlangen.

Heraldry

Flag of Bavaria (It. Staatsflagge Bayerns) - one of the symbols of the Federal Earth's free state of Bavaria.
Officially, Bavaria has two flags, both accepted on November 16, 1953, both have a ratio of 3: 5, both use traditional earth colors - white and blue. Norms, in which case, this or that flag is used.
In the first embodiment ("striped flag") uses a cloth with sizes 3 to 5, the top half is white, the bottom is blue.
In the second variant ("diamond flag") used alternation of white and blue rhombuses ("diamonds"). In this case, the amount of rhombuses should not be less than 21, and the size of the rhombus in the upper right corner should be white.
The image of the coat of arms of Bavaria on the flag is not legal, but sometimes used.

Coat of arms of Bavaria (it. Bayerisches Staatswappen) - one of the symbols of the Federal Earth's free state of Bavaria.
The coat of arms is crowned with a crown shield with a field covered with white and blue rhombuses. The symbolism of the coat of arms, belonging to first the counts of Bognem, who lived near Regency until 1242. When the genus stopped the existence, their possessions and the coat of arms adopted the genus of Vittelsbach, who had been familiar with them, and a little later the coat of arms became a symbol of all Bavaria. This coat of arms is also a large core state coat of arms. In the other four parts of the large coat of arms, the coat of arms of other major Bavarian territories are depicted: Pulattsa (Golden Lion), Franconia (Franconian rake), Lower Bavaria (Blue Panther) and Schwabia (three black lions).
The coat of arms was approved on June 5, 1950.

Bavaria Bayern.

Capital: Munich

Population: 12.044.000 people

Population density: 171 people per 1 sq. M. km.

Earth area: 70.550.87 sq. M. km.

Important cities: Munich, Augsburg, Würzburg, Nuremberg, Regensburg, Ingolstadt, Erlangen

Important rivers and channels: Main, Donau, Leh, Izar, Inn.

Bavaria is the largest in the field of the federal land of Germany. After North Rhine-Westphalia, most (14.6%) of the German population lives here. The Bavarian population is originally from three folk groups: francs, shvabs and bavarians. 70% of the Bavarians are Catholics.

Bavaria occupies the entire southeast of Germany. It borders in the West with Baden-Württemberg, in the northwest with Hesse, in the north with Thuringia and a small part of Saxony, in the East with the Czech Republic and in the south of Austria.

In the East to Bavaria, part of Frankenwald Forest, Fichtelgebirge Mountain (Fichtelgebirge), part of the forests Oberpfalzer and Boheterwald. In the south, the Alps enter the Bavaria, in the west, the Swab Region Stufenland and in the north of the sleeper and Ren.

In Bavaria, there are three parts of large German landscapes: the German part of the Northern Calkalpen (Kalkalpen) and the Town of the Alps with its attractive lakes, "Schottishe Ebene" with the land of the adorable hills eating to the river. Donau and the German Mortgier with a variety of landscapes.

Agriculture is mainly engaged in the north of the Alpine Podgora.

Good (Franconian) Wine make in the beerry of Bavaria. Oktoberfest, Neuschwan-Stein Castle and the lush decoration of the Alps attract more foreign tourists here than in any other land. However, the slogan "laptop and leather pants" testifies: Bavaria is something more than just living traditions. Her economy (which in their power surpasses the economy of Sweden) is famous for global brands such as BMW, Audi, Siemens, Man and Eads (Airbus). In the Bavarian capital - Munich - there is more publishers than in any other German city. But the largest federal land of Germany shines outside the metropolis. On the Wagner Music Festival in Bayreuth tickets each year sold out completely.

The most important industrial facilities of Bavaria are located as in the rest of Germany, in large cities, such as Munich (Erlangen), Nurenberg, Augsburg (AUGSBURG) and Aschafensburg (ASCHAFENSBURG). Industry in these regions: Mechanical Engineering, Electro- and Paper Industry. In the Rivers Inn (Inn), Als (ALS) and Olsa (SALZACH) there is a so-called chemical triangle. The oil processing center is located in Ingolstadt (Ingolstadt).

sights

Bavaria is the largest and most visited tourists of German lands. Thanks to its cultural manifold, rich in historical past and peculiar geographical position, Bavaria is rightfully considered one of the best tourist areas of not only Germany, but also throughout Europe. This territory is famous for the variety of its nature - it is here that the famous Bavarian Alps are extended here, lies many picturesque lakes (Kimsee, Starnberger, Ammesee and the western part of the Lake Bodense), extensive alpine pastures, forests and many rivers. It is here that the unique National Park "Bavarian Forest" is located.

Munich, The third largest city in Germany is located near Alpine Mountains On the shores of the Izar River. The center of the city is the square of Marienplatz with the buildings of the new (XIX century) and the old (1470, today there is a museum of toys) Tour. In the vicinity of Marienplatz are such famous monuments Cities like Church Peterkirhe (XI century), the most picturesque natural ensemble of the English garden, a pedestrian zone and the main shop-street of the city - Neuhauser Strasse, Street Tal, Square of Justice and Old botanical Garden. The main cathedral of the city and his symbol is Frauenkirche (Libphrauenkirche). The South Complex of the Royal Residence (XVI-XIX centuries) is located the Bavarian National Theater (Bavarian National Opera, 1811-1818) and the first South Baroque Church of Baroque - Teatinerkirche. Another attraction is the most famous and oldest Munich Beer - Hofbroyhaus (XII century), located in the heart of the city, in Platzl. It was here in 1923 "Beer Putch" took place in the beginning of Hitler's political career.

Each autumn (end of September - the beginning of October) in the meadow of Teresieneviz is the most massive annual world festival - the Oktoberfest Beer Festival, which has already been done for almost two hundred years, for which the special variety of beer is "visn".

The city is famous for its glorious glories - there are old and new Pinakotheki - one of the best art galleries in Europe, the Bavarian National Museum, Munich City Museum, State Mineralogical Museum and Numismatic Meetings, German Theater Museum and State Gallery of Lenbach. Be sure to go to the Unique Museum of BMW.
Nuremberg, the second largest city of Bavaria, is in rich forests in the region. Peganits. Most beautiful view on the old city Opens the Fürster Gate - the ring of the Stadmauer walls (XIV-XV centuries) with a multitude of gates and towers, the "old city" of Lorenz and the castle. The entrance to the old town is celebrated by the "Royal Gate" ("Königstor") with a huge viewing tower, from which the oldest street of the city - Konigshtrasse, on which the Church of St. Martha, the German National Museum (the largest museum of arts, culture and history of all German countries, founded in 1852) and the Church of St. Lorenz - the largest church of Nuremberg (XIII-XV centuries). The Museumbröshka bridge is Huptmarkt, with 17-meter sculpture of Chöne Brunnen, Church of Froyenkirche (1352-1361) and famous Maenlayanowufen (1509), Town Hall (1616-1622) and the Church of St. Sebaldus (1225-1273). Be sure to visit the Nuremberg Museum of Toys with toys of all eras and different cultures, Nuremberg Castle and the Dürer's Museum and House-Museum, in which he lived from 1509 to last day His life (1528).

Be sure to be visited in the famous Bavarian palace and park ensembles located in the picturesque corners of the edge. The most famous of them - the former summer residence of the Bavarian Kings - Nyufenburg Castle, "fabulous" Castle Neuschwanstein near the Austrian border, stylized under the medieval fortress Castle Hohenschwangau, Linderhof Castle (1869-1879) with an amazing park, Moorish Pavilion and Venus Temple , as well as hurrovesee.

Short story

Prehistory of state

Bavaria belongs to the oldest states of Europe.

The beginning was found in the five hundred years of AD, when Roman dominion was destroyed under the Nachis Germans. According to one common theory, the Bavarov tribe was formed from the Romans remaining here, ancient Celts (Galov) and the Germans who came.

Tribal duchy

In the field of the northern foothills of the Alps in the second half of the 6th century, a mighty tribal duchy was formed, the rulers of which were the duke from the genus Aguilolfings, and later, in the X century, Velf.

In 1158, the Duke of Heinrich Lion founded a new settlement on the bank of the Izar River - the current Munich. Until the middle of the XIII century, the function of the main city was performed by Regensburg.

Vittelsbahi

After the fall of Henryn Lion in 1180, Kaiser (Emperor of the "Sacred Roman Empire") Friedrich I Barbarossa gave to possession of the Bavarian Palatzgraf by Otteno von Vittelsbach Duchy Bavaria without the territory of Eastern brand.

In 1214, Vittelsbahi and Palatinate received, which since then has remained connected with the fate of Bavaria for seven hundred years.

The subsequent centuries of Bavarian history are marked by the aspirations of the dukes of Vittelsbach to strengthen their dominion. Development has achieved climax at the rule of the German King and Kaiser Louis IV Bavarian (1302-1347), which attached to its territories brand Brandenburg, Tyrol, Holland and Eno. Up to the twentieth century, Bavaria remained agrarically oriented, despite the numerousness of cities, including, with the right of market trading. Along with the bishops of Salzburg, Passau and Regensburg, monasteries such as Tegernze, Niceforstyh and St. Emmers were also sitting on the foci of spirituality and culture. In the XIV and XV centuries. Duchy of vittelsbachs, weakened by civil suites due to hereditary claims, disintegrates on the dots. And only after the introduction of the IV to Albrecht (1467-1508), the rights of transfer of the inheritance on the birthright were laid down long-term prerequisites for strengthening the Avar Duchy, re-united under his authority.

In Franconia and Shvabia, on the contrary, after the bustling of the duccian and royal clans of Salrarians and Staffenov in the XII and XIII centuries. Many secular and church possessions were attached. Residences, such as Bamberg, Würzburg, Ansbach, Bairet, as well as the imperial cities of Nuremberg, Augsburg, Schweinfurt, Rothenburg and Nurdlegen became spiritual, cultural and economic centers of European importance.

Although the reformation was widely distributed on a significant part of the Swabian and Franconian territories and in imperial cities, the Starobavarians remained correct by the Roman Catholic Church. When the Board of Albrecht V (1550-1579) and Wilhelm of Pious (1579-1597) in Bavaria, a stronghold of counter-reformation was formed. The famous opponent Luther Johannes Ec led active activities in the University of Bavarian, founded in Ingolstadt in 1472 by the Duke of Ludwig rich. The metropolitan city of Munich survived with Albrecht V his first flourishing, becoming the center of science and culture.

Frankonia, Swabia and Bavaria, Bavaria, Bavaria, Bavaria and Bavaria (1623), brought Frankonia, Schvabi and Bavaria. The first Bavarian Kurfürst Maximilian I (1597-1651) expanded the territory of Bavaria, attaching the upper palatinate. One of his successors "Blue Kurfürst" Max Emanuel (1662-1726) patronized the spread of Baroque style in art and culture. He walked himself in wars with the Turks and built great-containers, which, however, was not destined to be realized during the Emperor Charles Albrecht (1742-1745).

Up to Max III Josef (1745-1777), the last Kurfürst along the Bavarian Wittelsbach period, the period of cultural heyday of Bavaria lasted.

New constitutions stimulate development

Kurfürst Max IV Joseph, whose pedigree was conducted from Palatsky and Zweibrücken Vittelsbach, came to power in the situation, requiring the solution of complex state tasks: there was nothing to wait for the empire itself, Prussia preferred the position of non-interference, and Austria did not leave claims to the Bavarian territory. Kurfürst was forced to put his country under Napoleon's protectorate.

By decision, adopted in 1803 by the states of the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation", Bavaria received compensation for the rejected territories in the Rhine area. Episcipration of Würzburg, Bamberg, Freasing, Augsburg, partly Eichstatt and Passau, 12 monasteries and 15 imperial cities were departed to it.

January 1, 1806 Max IV Joseph, crowned as Max I, joined the Rhine Union. His Minister Montgelas has developed the basics of tough state system. The Constitution of 1808 for the first time determined the equality of all before the law, the protection of the personality and property, the freedom of conscience and the independence of judges. The constitutional provisions of 1818 served as the basis of a democratic parliamentary system in Bavaria. The newly created Bavarian Parliament (Landtag) consisted of two chambers from this time: chambers of members of the State Council and the Chamber of Deputies. Leaded to make decisions on taxation issues, he soon began to play a decisive role in politics and legislation.

Between reforms and revolution

During the liberation wars, Bavaria moved to the side of opponents of Napoleon. Although she had to give the previously occupied Austrian territories, but the regulations of the Vienna Congress (1815-1816), Würzburg, Ashffenburg and Palatinate were finally enshrined as compensation as compensation. In the German Customs Union, Bavaria joined 1883.

During the reign of Ludwig I (1825-1848), the Cultural Center of Germany became the Bavarian capital of Munich, where poets, artists, architects and naturalists were attracted from all over the country. In addition, the king actively promoted the development of trade and industry. At the time of his rule, the construction of the railway network, the first plot of which was laid in 1835 between the cities of Nuremberg and Fururt. Implemented by the revolution of 1848 "Martov Requirements" (including the accountability of ministers, freedom of printing, election reform) led to significant restrictions on the royal power, which prompted Ludwig I to renounce the throne in favor of his son Max. Maximilian II (1848 - 1864) continued the case of the father-patronage, and also headed the conduct of socio-political reforms and was a big patron saint of science.

War, art and kings

Under the leadership of King Ludwig II (1864-1886), Bavaria took part in wars against Prussia and France. During the Austro-Prussian war in 1866, she spoke on the side of Austria, and in 1870-1871. On the side of Prussia against France. After the end of the German-French war, Bavaria entered the newly created German Empire. Ludwig II, today, who is known to the whole world, as a "fabulous king", was increasingly removed from the policy, devoting himself to the construction of his castles and the exercise world of Richard Wagner's music. In 1886, he found death in the waters of Starnberg Lake.

His uncle Prince-reghet Luitpold (1886-1912) with his son King Ludwig III (1912-1918) was the last representatives of the Vittelsbach dynasty, which was ruled during 738 years in Bavaria.

New days of Bavaria

The Interim National Council, acting after the First World War, was elected by the Prime Minister of a member of the independent Social Democratic Party of Kurt Aisner, who announced by Bavaria by the Republic on November 8, 1918. His murder caused a wave of violence. On April 6, 1919, the Bavarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed, headed by communists. It was defeated by the troops consisting mainly from volunteers. The elected January 12, 1919 Landtag, who took place during the excitement in Bamberg, accepted there on August 12, 1919 by the Constitution.

Long-letter forces from the very beginning were the struggle against the new republican order. Despite the fact that Hitler's attempt to make a political coup, organized on November 9, 1923 "March to Feldgernhall," was suppressed by the Bavarian police, and he himself was arrested, who made him a rather soft sentence did not weaken fascism. After the capture of power in 1933, Bavaria, as well as other land, was "unified" and deprived of his own statehood.

Terror of National Socialism began to rule in Bavaria. Already in 1933, the first concentration camp was created in Dakhau. Political opponents ruthlessly pursued. For centuries, the Jewish population living in the Bavarian cities and villages was expelled, forcibly exported and destroyed. Gypsies and other national minorities also became victims of tyranny.

However, the resistance movement was organized in this gloomy time in Bavaria. One of the bright examples is the White Rose group, which included students Hans and Sofia Show, Christoph Sleep, Alexander Schorotel and Professor Kurt Huber. During World War II, the Bavarian cities of Munich, Nuremberg, Würzburg and others were subjected to strong bombing. After the war, Bavaria was in the American occupying zone. The rapid restoration of cities was accompanied by revival of the democratic system. On December 1, 1946, the providing majority of the Bavarian population was adopted by the Constitution of Free Bavaria.

However, the main law of the Federal Republic of Germany due to insufficiently expressed federalism, Bavarian Landtag was originally rejected. At the same time, a decision was made to join if most Western German lands accept the basic law. Since 1949, Bavaria's free land is part of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Bavaria is the largest of the sixteen lands of Germany, located in the very center of Europe. From here a few hours you can reach Vienna, Paris, Brussels, Prague, Rome or Zurich. In 70554 square meters. CM lives about 12 million people. And the length of the border of Bavaria is comparable to the air distance between Moscow and Munich. In the West and the North-West, Bavaria borders with the federal lands of Baden-Württemberg and Hessen, in the north - with Thuringia and Saxony, in the East - with the Czech Republic, in the south - with Austria. The capital of Bavaria - Munich (Munchen). Largest cities (more than 100,000 litter.): Nuremberg (Nurnberg), Augsburg (Wurzburg), Regensburg (Regensburg), Ingolstadt (Ingolstadt) and others.

Nature

Bavaria is distinguished by a large natural manifold. Bavarian Alps - It is here that is the most high Point Germany Top Tsugsspitze (Zugsspitze) - 2964 m.

The foothills of the Alps extends from the Alps to the western part of the Lake Boden. The main decoration of this part of Bavaria is the picturesque lakes: Kimsee (Himsee) - 80.1 square meters. KM, Starnbergerzee (Starnbergersee) - 57.2 square meters. km, Ammersee (Ammersee) - 47.6 square meters. km and others. Abundance of water bodies makes this area an ideal place For tourism and sessions with different sports. Eastern Bavaria - Mountain Mountains, covered with forests, stretch from Regensburg and Passau to the border with the Czech Republic. It is here that the unique National Park "Bavarian Forest" is located.

Bavaria's largest rivers: Danube (Donau) - 387km, Main (Main) - 411 km, Izar (ISAR) - 263 km and Inn (Inn) - 218 km.

On the territory of Bavaria are two national Park, and the total area of \u200b\u200bforest arrays is 33.8% of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe Bavaria land.

The Bavarian climate is also very diverse. The most favorable climate is distinguished by the North-Western region. The closer to the southeast, the greater the temperature fluctuations. As a rule, in Bavaria, a fairly hot summer and a soft European winter, not excluding, however, and frosty days.

Population

The population of Bavaria is 12 million people. Initially, three tribes lived on this territory - the ancient Bavarians, Frank and Schvab, each of which had their own language, customs and mentality. It is from these tribes that most of the inhabitants of modern Bavaria take place, not counting 2 million people (mainly the Sudeten Germans), settled here after 1945.

Most Bavarians - Catholics (69%), Protestants make up 25% of the total number of residents.

There is a local dialect german language, in many respects significantly different from the classic German (HochDeutsch). However, most Bavarians, with the exception of some rural residents, speak classically German.

History

Bavaria is one of ancient states Europe. According to the most common theory, the Bavarian tribes were formed in the VI century AD. From the Romans remaining on these lands, representatives of the Celtic tribes and moved Germanians here. Already in the 10th century, the Bavarian tribal state had a considerable power, and in 1158, the Duke of Heinrich Lion founded a new settlement on the banks of the Izar river - today's Munich.

However, until the XIII century, the capital of the Bavarian state was the oldest regensburg, founded by the Romans. In 1180, Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa handed over the Bavarian territory to possess the graph Otto von Vittelsbach - with this dynasty several centuries of Bavarian history will be connected.

Residences such as Bamberg, Würzburg, Ansbach, Bayreuth, as well as the big imperial cities of Nuremberg, Augsburg, Rothenburg, etc., gradually turned into pan-European spiritual, cultural and economic centers. However, despite the large number of cities, Bavaria remained overall an agricultural country.

Operator's reform movement Ser. The XVI century practically did not affect Bavaria: the Roman Catholic Church continued to dominate here. And in the state university founded in 1472, one of the main opponents of Martin Luther Johannes Ekk worked in Ingolstadt.

In the period of the thirty-year-old war, Bavaria suffered large losses, but Maximilian I (1607-1651), the first Bavarian Kurfurist, managed to fill the losses by attaching to Bavaria the Upper Palatinate. One of the heirs of Maximilian, Blue Kurfurst Max Emmanuel (1662-1726), in everywhere contributed to the penetration of Baroque in Bavarian art and culture, and in subsequent years (up to the reign of the last Kurfürst from the ancient-class line of Vittelsbach) Bavaria experienced a large cultural ascent.

Kurfürst Max Joseph IV (1799-1825) Under the threat of capturing the Bavarian territories of Austria, on the one hand, and the lack of support from the empire - on the other, decided to proceed to Napoleon's defense. In 1806, Max IV adopted the Royal Title and joined the Rhine Union formed by Napoleon. The Constitution of 1808 for the first time established the equality of all before the law, the protection of personality and property, the freedom of conscience and the independence of the court. And in 1833, Bavaria joined the German Customs Union.

During the reign of King Ludwig I (1825-1848), Munich becomes one of the largest cultural centers of Germany - poets, artists, architects, scientists seek here.

During the reign of the most famous Bavarian king Ludwig II (1864-1886), Bavaria fought against Prussia (on the side of Austria, 1866) and France (on the side of Prussia, 1870-71). In 1871, Bavaria became part of the newly formed German Empire.

However, the "fabulous" king - Ludwig II became famous not so much by political acts as his passion for architecture and music of the great Richard Wagner, who lived for many years at the court of the king. Stunning castles and palaces, the fruits of the fantasy "fabulous" king, became a reality: one of them, the famous Neuschwestin, became a symbol of Bavaria. In 1886, Ludwig II died in unclear circumstances: his body could not find in the Starnberg Lake, where he allegedly drowned.

After the First World War and the November revolution, Bavaria became a free state, but in April 1919, the so-called Soviet Republic was proclaimed here, the eyelids of which turned out to be, however, very short.

In November 1923, "Beer Patch" occurred in the oldest Munich beer "Hofbrojuhaus", one of the most active participants of which was not known at that time Adolf Hitler (by the way, despite its Austrian origin, Hitler considered Bavaria to his true homeland). The speech of Hitler in court above the ticks became one of the starting moments in his political career. And for a few months of imprisonment in Landsberg Fortress (near Munich), Hitler wrote his famous "Main Campf", who later became the basis of Nazi ideology.

In 1933, after the arrival of the NSDAP, Bavaria became part of the Third Reich. Already in 1933 in small town Dakhau, not far from Munich, the first concentration camp for opponents of the Nazi regime was built.

During World War II, most German cities, including Munich, Nuremberg and Würzburg, were very affected by bombing. After the end of World War II, by the solution of allies, Bavaria became an American occupying area.

Since 1949, Bavaria - Earth, which is part of the Federal Republic of Germany, and in 1990, Bavaria became one of the 16 federal Germans of United Germans.

Tourism

As a rule, the mention of Bavaria causes completely defined associations: Alpine pastures, national leather breeches, "fabulous" king Ludwig II, the famous Neuschwanstein Castle and, of course, Munich's beer holiday "Oktoberfest" and the legendary football team. All this, of course, so, but few know that Bavaria, among other things, is a favorite holiday destination for the Germans themselves. This is not surprising: Bavaria is really perfect for tourism, and at any time of the year. Thanks to its cultural diversity, the rich historical past and the peculiar geographical position of Bavaria is considered to be one of the best tourist areas not only Germany, but also throughout Europe. It is equally an attractive place as for lovers of sightseeing and avid athletes, especially lovers of skiing.

The Bavarians themselves are incredibly proud of their country, and it is easy to make sure that it is here that you can easily see people walking down the street in the most real national costumes - for many of them these are familiar everyday wear.

Munich

The old proverb about the capital of Bavaria Munich "Barock Und Brauche, Bier und Bauche" ("Baroque and customs, beer and belly") did not lose meaning and now. However, these short characteristics are still not exhausted by the diversity of this simultaneously typically German and at the same time, nothing is like a similar city.

Munich was once called the secret capital of Germany. This is the third largest city of Germany and, undoubtedly, one of the main centers of German cultural life.

The peak of the cultural development of the city came at the time of the reign of the most famous Bavarian king Ludwig II (1825-1848), on whose whose neighborhoods of Munich, several stunning castles and palaces rose, and the most famous of them - Neuschwanstein Castle - became one of the main architectural attractions not Only Germany, but also all of Europe. At the court of King Ludwig II for many years lived the Great German composer Richard Wagner.

The peak of tourist pilgrimage in Munich is on the second half of September and the beginning of October - it is at this time the world-famous beer holiday "Oktoberfest" (Oktoberfest) passes in Munich. For the first time, "Oktoberfest" took place in 1810 and was timed to the wedding of the King Ludwig I and Princess Teresa von Zaczen-Guildburghausen. Since then, this holiday has become one of the main characters of Bavaria, and the place of its holding is Teresienwiese Square - the name of Teresa's princess. However, those who are going to visit Munich, it is worth remembering that during the "octoberfest" the population of the city increases several times and the same inspection of attractions or shopping is becoming very difficult. Well, the famous Bavarian beer varieties, such as Augustinerbrau, Hacker-Pschorr, Hofbrau, Lowenbrau, Paulaner, Spaten, etc., you can enjoy at any time of the year, in any corner of Munich, day or night.

What is worth seeing in Munich:

Marienplatz (Marienplatz) - Central Square of the city, along with Peterskirche, Tal (TAL) and Jacobirche (Jakobirche) is the most ancient part of Munich.

New Town Hall (Neue Rathaus) is located on Marienplatz. Despite the fact that the New Town Hall was built in the 60s of the XIX century, the building is fully endured in the Gothic style.

Old Town Hall (Alte Rathaus) is located next to the New Town Hall, built in 1470.

Frauenkirche (Liebrauenkirche) - the main cathedral of the city, the two octagonal towers of the cathedral are a symbol of Munich.

Teatinerkirche St. Kajetan) - located on Odeonsplatz, opposite the Royal Residence (Residenz) is the first South Hermann Church, performed in the Baroque style.

Hofbrouhaus (Hofbrauhaus) is located in the heart of Munich, in Platzl. The most famous Munich beer. It was here in 1923 that the so-called "beer coupling" occurred, which became the beginning of the political career of Adolf Hitler.

English Garden is a picturesque natural ensemble in the heart of Munich.

Old Pinakothek (Alte Pinakothek) is one of the main art galleries in Europe.

Nymphenburg Castle (Schloss Nymphenburg) - the former summer residence of the Bavarian Kings, the palace-park ensemble in the Baroque style.

The BMW Museum - the unusual placement of the museum presents the unusual history of the concern from aircraft engines to the newest models, from old-wheel-motorcycle to racing cars.

The second largest city of Bavaria, Nuremberg, in the Middle Ages was one of the main cities in Germany.

What is worth viewing in Nuremberg:

Fortress (BURG) - ancient princely residence, located high above the city.

German National Museum (Germanische nationalmuseum) - founded in 1852, the largest historical and artistic assembly in Germany.

Frauenkirche in Hauptmarkt Square (Frauenkirche Am Hauptmarkt) - built in 1352-1361 for the sample of Bohemian churches.

Sant Lorenz (St. Lorenz) is the main Evangelical Church of the city, built between 1260 and 1370, Gothic.

Albrecht-Durer-Haus house - in this house Durer lived from 1509 to 1528. House XV century Facrically made.

Among other Bavarian cities are to highlight the oldest Regensburg (Regensburg) - the first capital of Bavaria and the old Augsburg (Augsburg) - in the Middle Ages - the point of intersection of all European trade routes.

And, of course, it is especially worth saying the famous palace and park ensembles, the former residences of the Bavarian kings located in the picturesque corners of Bavaria. The most famous of them are Neuschwanstein, Linderhof (Linderhof), Herrenhimsee (Herrenchimsee) - built at the venue of the famous "fabulous" king Ludwig II Bavarian.

There is another famous residence in Bavaria, and Führeru: It is here, in the southernmost point of Germany, in the resort town of Berchtesgaden (Berchtesgaden), there was a South-German residence of Adolf Hitler, located under the clouds on one of the Alpine vertices.

Kitchen

Bavaria is famous for its hospitality and welcome: such huge portions, perhaps, no anywhere. In general, the Bavarian cuisine is sufficient. The most famous dish is fried pork with sour cabbage. Well, the famous Munich white sausages became the gastronomic symbols of Bavaria (Weisswursteln) and delicious salted pretzels (Bratze).

However, it is worth noting that the real picture of the gastronomic preferences of the Bavarians is quite far from the adopted patterns. This will seem strange, but the fact remains: from all German cities, the inhabitants of the beer capital use the most fault of the population, as well as grappa, which speaks of the special passion of the Bavarians to Italy. As the Germans themselves say, every Munich has his little Italian restaurant at the corner. So Italian cuisine is presented in Bavaria in all its variety.