History about Titanic on real events. In which Ocean sank "Titanic": all the secrets of the wreck of "Titanic", the main causes of the death of the vessel and the shocking results of the investigation. Ocean Monster Great Britain
100 years ago, on the night of April 15, 1912, after a collision with Iceberg in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, the Liner "Titanic" sank, on board which was more than 2,200 people.
"Titanic" (Titanic) is the largest passenger vessel of the beginning of the 20th century, the second of the three twin steamats produced by the British company "White Star Line" (White Star Line).
The length of "Titanic" was 260 meters, the width - 28 meters, displacement - 52 thousand tons, height from the waterline to the boat deck - 19 meters, the distance from the keel to the tops of the pipe - 55 meters, the limit speed is 23 nodes. Journalists compared it in length with three city quarters, and in height - with a 11-storey house.
On the "Titanic" there were eight steel decks located over each other at a distance of 2.5-3.2 meters. To ensure safety, the ship had a double bottom, and its housing was separated by 16 waterproof compartments. Waterproof bulkheads rose from the second bottom to the deck. The chief designer of the ship Thomas Andrews stated that even if four compartments from 16 were filled with water, the liner would be able to continue his way.
The interiors of the cabin on the decks B and C were performed in 11 styles. Passengers of the third grade on the decks E and F were separated from the first and second class by the gates located in different parts of the vessel.
Before the "Titanic" exit in his first and last flight It was especially emphasized that on board the ship in the first flight will be 10 millionaires, and in its safes - gold and jewels for hundreds of millions of dollars. American industrialist, heir to mountain tycoon Benjamin Guggenheim, millionaire with young spouse, assistant US Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taffeta Major Archibald Willingham Batt, Member of the US Congress Isidor Strauss, Actress Dorothy Gibson, Wealthy Public Actress Margaret Brown, British fashion designer Lucy Christian Duff Gordon And many other well-known and wealthy people of that time.
On April 10, 1912, at noon, the Titanic superliner went to his only journey along the route Southampton (United Kingdom) - New York (USA) with stops in Sherbour (France) and Quinstown (Ireland).
For four days the weather was clear, and the sea is calm.
April 14, 1912, on the fifth day of the road, several ships sent messages about icebergs in the area of \u200b\u200bthe route of the ship. Most of the day, the radio was broken, and many reports were not seen by radio cars, and they did not pay due attention to other captain.
In the evening, the temperature began to fall, reaching for 22:00 zero marks Celsius.
At 23:00 from the ship "Californian" received a message about the presence of ice, but the radio line "Titanic" broke the radio exchange earlier than the "Californian" managed to inform the area coordinates: the telegraphist was busy sending personal messages of passengers.
At 23:39 two forward seeingly noticed Iceberg in front of the liner and reported on this by phone on the bridge. The most eldest officers William Mordok gave the steering team: "Leo Steering".
At 23:40 "Titanic" in the underwater part of the vessel. Of the 16 waterproof compartments of the vessel, six were cut through.
At 00:00 On April 15, the Titanic Designer Thomas Andrews was called on the captain's bridge to assess the severity of damage. After the report on the incident and inspection of the Ship, Andrews reported everything to those present that the liner would inevitably pick up.
On the vessel began to feel the roll on the nose. Captain Smith ordered the rescue boats and convene crew members and passengers for evacuation.
By order of Captain, Radiers began to send the disaster signals that they were transmitted within two hours until the captain freed the telegraphists from the performance of duties a few minutes before the ship's race.
Disaster signals, but they were too far from the "Titanic".
At 00:25, the coordinates of the "Titanic" took the ship "Carpathians", which was from the seat of the liner crash at a distance of 58 maritime miles, which was 93 kilometers. I ordered immediately to go to the disaster "Titanic". Hurry to help, the ship was able to reach a record speed of 17.5 knots - with a speed of 14 nodes as possible for vessel. For this, Rostron ordered to disable all devices consuming electricity, and heating.
At 01:30 the Titanic operator was telegraphed: "We are in small boats." By order of the Captain Smith, his assistant, Charles Lightoller, who led the salvation of people on the left side of the liner, Salued only women and children in the boat. Men, according to Captain, had to stay on the deck until all women are in the boats. The first assistant captain William Mordok on the right side of men, if there were no women and children in the queue on the deck of passengers.
About 02:15 Nose "Titanic" dropped sharply, the ship was significantly moved forward, and a huge wave rolled along the decks, which washed away many passengers overboard.
About 02:20 minutes "Titanic" sank.
Around 4:00 am, about three and a half hours after receiving a disaster signal, "Carpathians" arrived at the Titanic crash site. The vessel took on board 712 passengers and members of the Titanic crew, after which he had safely arrived in New York. Among the saved were 189 crew members, 129 passengers of men and 394 people - women and children.
The number of dead, according to various sources, was from 1,400 to 1517 people. According to official data, after the catastrophe of 60% of first-class cabins, 44% of second-class cabins, 25% of the third class.
The last surviving passenger's passenger "Titanica" - who traveled on board a liner at the age of nine weeks from the genus, died on May 31, 2009 at 97 years. The dust of the woman was dispelled over the sea from the pier in the port of Southampton, from where the "Titanic" in 1912 went to his last swimming.
Material prepared on the basis of RIA news and open sources
a "Frederick Fleet noticed right at the rate of approximately 650 m from the iceberg liner. Hit three times in the bell, he reported to the bridge. The first assistant commanded the steering: "Levo on board!" - and translated the handles of machine telegraphs to the "full back position". A little later, so that the liner does not bind Aisberg feed, he commanded: "The right to board!". However, "Titanic" was too large for a quick maneuver, and continued to move on the inertia for another 25-30 seconds until his nose began to slowly deviate left.
At 23:40 "Titanic" on the tangent challenged with Iceberg. On the upper decks, people felt a weak push and a slight shake of the body, on the lower decks, the blow was tangible. As a result of the collision in the trimming of the right side, there were six slipins with a total length of about 90 meters. At 0:05 Captain Smith ordered the crew crew rescue boats To the descent, then I went into the radio and ordered radio stones to broadcast a disaster signal.
About 0:20 In the boat, the children and women were planted. At 1:20, the water began to flood the semi-bug. At this time, the first signs of panic appeared. Evacuation went faster. After 1:30, panic began on board. About 2:00 Last boat was lowered, at 2:05 pm Water began to flood the boat deck and the captain's bridge. The remaining on board 1500 people rushed towards the stern. The fiffer began to grow in front of the eyes, at 2:15, the first chimney was collapsed. At 2:16 electricity turned off. At 2:18 with a differential on the nose, about 23 ° liner broke. The nasal part, falling down, immediately went to the bottom, and the feed was filled with water and sank two minutes later.
At 2:20 "Titanic" completely disappeared under water. Hundreds of man flew to the surface, but almost all of them died from hypothermia. On two folding boats that did not have time to pull out from the liner, about 45 people were saved. Even eight were saved by two closures returned to the place (№4 and №14). After an hour and a half after the full immersion of the "Titanic" at the disaster, the steamer "Carpathia" arrived and picked up 712 survivors in the crash.
Causes of wreck
After the tragedy, the Commission was held to investigate the causes of this incident, and, according to official documents, the cause was a collision with Iceberg, and not the presence of defects in the design of the ship. The Commission founded its conclusion on how the ship went to the bottom. As some survivors noted, the ship went to the bottom entirely, and not parts.
As the Commission concluded, all the wines for the tragic catastrophe pinned with the captain of the ship. In 1985, the oceanographer Robert Balloard, who was engaged in searching for a sunken vessel for many years, luck smiled. It is this happy event that helped shed light on the causes of the catastrophe. Scientists have established that "Titanic" split in half on the surface of the ocean before sowing. This fact again attracted the attention of the media to the reasons for the sump of "Titanic". New hypotheses arose, and one of the assumptions was based on the fact that low-line steel was used during the construction of the ship, since the Titanic was built in a compressed date.
As a result of long research, experts raised from the bottom of the wreckage came to the conclusion that the cause of low-quality rivets became the cause of low-quality rivets - the most important metal pins that bind together the steel plates of the ship body. Also, the fragments were also shown that there were miscalculations in the design of the ship, and this is evidenced by the nature of the drilling of the ship. It was finally established that the feed of the ship did not rummaged high to the air, as they thought before, and the ship crashed into parts and sank. This indicates obvious miscalculations in the design of the ship. However, after the catastrophe, these data were hidden. And only with the help of modern technologies it was found that it was these circumstances that led to one of the most terrible tragedies of humanity.
This is of course interesting and I would even say "romantic" from the technical point of sight, such as or for example. More than a century passed since these huge liners furred water of the Atlantic. But their research does not stop to this day.
British journalist Shenan Meloni studied the story of "Titanic" for 30 years and came to "Sensational" Conclusion: The main cause of the crash was the fire in the fuel storage, which lasts about two weeks. It is certainly interesting, but doesn't you think that he did not tell us anything new?
After all, twentieth of September 1987. French television behaved to the world "Sensational news": The cause of the death of the "Titanic", it turns out that there was a fire that broke out in the thrill of the ill-fated liner, and not at all a collision with Iceberg.
Since 30 years later pop up again "Sensational" Versions, then let's remember them all about what. Maybe you will also find something sensational :-)
That's actually they ...
On the cold night from the fourteenth to the fifteenth of April 1912, in the midst of the Atlantic Ocean, the most famous maritime catastrophe in the entire history of mankind occurred. The ship of the company "White Star Line", which is the proud name "Titanic", killing in the middle of his first flight and having taken with him a thousand five hundred and four human life, was doomed to become the most famous vessel in the world.
Why did the most perfect ship of that era sank - the ship considered completely unspected? Let's make a blogger prosto_Serge. We collect all the proposed versions:
Gemini: "Titanic" (right) and "Olympic"
The first version. Conspiracy theory
Few people know that the "Titanic" had a twin brother - the "Olympic" ship, an exact copy of his own, also owned by White Line. How can the reader may be surprised, because "Titanic" was considered a unique ship, the largest vessel of that era, and now it turns out that there was another ship that is not inferior to it? No, "Titanic" really was longer than his twin. Two inches. Just imagine - on the length of the matchbox! - But still longer. Another thing is that to notice these inches with the naked eye (and armed, perhaps, too), it was almost impossible, so a third-party person looking at the standing board of the twins, could not say who of them who.
"Olympic" was a year older than his brother (so it will be correctly "Titanic" to call him a copy), and not much lucky. Probably, it was necessary to write something like "From the very beginning above each of the ships Vital evil rock", but a little later: Of course, the greatest marine catastrophe could not miss mystical rumors.
Well, rock, not rock, and the fate of Olimpik and in fact was full of trouble. His career began with the fact that during the descent on the water, the ship crashed into a dam. After that, small and large accidents flew over him alone, and the ship seems to be even insured. It is rumored that after a number of accidents the owners and glads would be insured their ship, and the insurance companies refused to deal with the liner liner. The most serious accident was a clash with the English military cruiser "Hawk", which led the company "White Star" to tangible financial problems: it was necessary to be expensive repairs, and the company's financial situation was very sad. So "Olympic" was delivered to Belfast Dokov to expect a decision on his further fate. And now - attention! Look at the photo on the left - this is almost the only existing snapshot, on which the "Titanic" and "Olympic" are captured, standing by side by side. He was made in Belfast.
Final snap "Titanic" on shipyard in Belfast
Why not assume, they said some researchers that White Star Line decided to test the grand fraud. Put the old "Olympic" to the ambulance hand and ... give it for the new "Titanic"! Technically, it would not be at all difficult: to change places with the names of the courts, and even the interior items on which the monogram of ships is applied - for example, the cutlery (Olimpika with "Titanic" were, of course, and some constructive differences - well, yes Who knows about them?). Then "Olympic" under the guise of a new, prestigious, widely advertised (and, of course, the honor of the insured) "Titanic" will go on a journey through the Atlantic, where it will face (absolutely by chance, of course) with Iceberg (good, lack of in them at this time There was no year). Of course, no one was going to turn the liner - yes no one believed that some iceberg is able to send the most reliable ship in the world to the bottom. It was planned to arrange a small collision, after which the ship does not rush to New York, and its owners will receive a cereal insurance amount, which will have to company oh how by the way.
In favor of this version, there is a strange behavior of the captain of the ship, Edward Smith. Why is such an experienced, experienced sea wolf so carelessly reacted to the safety of his vessel? Why did he stubbornly ignored the messages coming from other ships of drifting icebergs, and even himself seems to directed the liner at the rate on which it is easiest to meet the Ice Mountain? What did he do this if not in order to implement the "White Star" plan? Personally, it seems to me that it is for this that's just ... the plan was completely different. But about this later.
John Pierpont Morgan
Disprove the theory of the conspiracy turned out to be quite difficult, especially since the "White Star" climbed out of the skin, to save his reputation: in every way distorted information about the catastrophe, bribed witnesses and so on. Actually, convincing arguments managed to find only after the sunken liner was discovered (and it happened only after seventy-three years - the remains of the ship were discovered by the expedition of Robert Ballard in September eighty fifth). So, the participants of one of the expeditions, descended to the deceased ship, photographs of the rowing screw were made, on which the mined serial number "Titanic" was clearly visible (his older brother had exactly 400). Supporters of the conspiracy theory claim, however, that Olympic damaged his screw after a collision with the cruiser "Hawk", and "White Star" replaced him with a screw from unfinished then "Titanic". But number 401 is found on other details of the sunken ship, so the accusation of a planned catastrophe with White Star Line can be removed. The following theory looks like a much more believable - we will talk about it now.
One of the arguments in favor of a conspiracy theory was the fact that the industrialist John Morgan, one of the owners of Titanic, was to make swimming on board his ship, but per day before the ship's yield from the port annulled a ticket.
And they say (so the mystic began) that Magnate was dissuading to ride an endowed for the foresight of Nikola Tesla, the development of which Morgan financed.
Raised from the bottom Piece of the Titanic
Second version. Pursuit of blue ribbon
It all started a long time ago, when a regular maritime message was established between England and America, and it means that competition between shipowner companies began to flare up. The faster the ship crossed the Atlantic, the greater popularity it used. In 1840, Kunard was invented a prize for courts that set the speed record: now the ship crossing Atlantic Ocean Faster than all of their predecessors, received the "Blue Rent of Atlantic" as a reward.
Actually, no material prize existed. The winner did not receive a monetary premium, the captain did not handle a memorable cup, which can be placed on a prominent place in the cabin company. But the ship acquired something more - invaluable prestige, which you will not add other means. In addition to honorable in marine circles (and, it means, and fame, and popularity), the winner of the award received a contract for the transportation of mail (including diplomatic) between America and Europe, and this is a very profitable article of shipping. And in general - see ourselves: if you are a rich businessman, maybe even a millionaire, on what ship do you prefer to travel? Isn't on the most prestigious and most expert way?
At the time of the yield of "Titanic" from Southampton "Blue Ribbon" owned "Mauritania" - a ship belonged to the main competitor "White Star". Naturally, it was impossible to put up with this, and "White Star" decided to bet on her favorite. The conquest of the "Blue Ribbon" "Titanic" would become a triumph of this corporation, allowing you to fix it with a shameful position: the cavalier of the ribbon, the All Atlantic was usually four times more passengers than other such ships.
Due to the threat of collisions with floating ice, the prescribed route "Titanic" (and any other vessel next to the same course) ran out of direct, but did a small hook, rising a dangerous ocean area where most iceberg drifts. Of course, this maneuver extends the road. That is why it may seem that Captain Smith led his ship directly to the Iceberg booster - he just needed to cut off the way and for all means getting the "blue ribbon". That is why Titanic walked on all pairs and did not reduce the speed even after he received several radiograms from other vessels about ice danger. Let the other ships be worried about - and there is nothing to be afraid of the "Titanic". In the "Voroniem Nest" - a special observation site on the front mast - are two handy, which in case of danger will be able to inform about her for the captain's bridge with the help of telephone communication: "Titanic" is equipped with the latest technology. And if a collision and will happen, that, that means just that the record will be set another time. Hazards for the ship Icebergi do not imagine - after all, it is known that "Titanic" is completely unspected. His hold is divided into sixteen waterproof compartments, so if he suddenly receives a hole (which, of course, can not), then only one of the compartments will be filled with water, and the vessel will safely continue his way. That one - the liner does not pick up, even if four compartments are filled! And such damage can only get in war.
Well, not in vain pride - one of the mortal sins. She played with the "Titanic" a sick joke: Iceberg damaged five compartments - one more than it was permissible.
But how was the ice to break the steel of the ship's sheep? In the middle of the nineties, a piece of trim "Titanic" was raised on the surface and subjected to a fragility test: a metal sheet, fixed in the clips, was supposed to withstand a thirty-tailed pendulum. For comparison, a piece of steel used in shipbuilding was also tested. Before the experiment, both samples were placed in an alcoholic bath with a temperature of a little more degree - this was exactly the ocean water in that fatal night. Modern metal has come out of the test with honor: under the blow of the hammer he rushed, but remained intact. Raised from the bottom split into two parts. Maybe he became so fragile, laying eighty years at the bottom of the ocean? Researchers managed to get on Belfast shipyard, where "Titanic" was built, the sample became those years. Test for strength He postponed no better than his fellow. The conclusion of experts read: steel used in the construction of "Titanic" was very low quality, with a large admixture of sulfur, which made it fragile at low temperatures. Alas, at the beginning of the twentieth century, the level of development of metallurgy was far from today. If the liner's liner had been made of high-quality steel, the hull from the blow would simply be caught inside, and the tragedy would be avoided.
One of the waterproof bulkheads "Titanic"
Third version. Fire in the hold
September 20, 1987 French television told the world sensational news: the cause of the death of Titanic, it turns out that there was a fire that broke out in the thrill of the ill-fated liner, and not at all a collision with Iceberg. Apparently, the supporters of the new hypothesis were assured, in one of the coal repositories of the ship there was self-burning coal (which, it is indeed possible), the fire spread to all the truma, got to steam boilers, which exploded from this, why the ship and went to the bottom. And what about Iceberg - so he just turned out to be nearby, so he was accused of crashing liner.
Yes, indeed, the fire on the "Titanic" was - and this is no longer a guessed, but the factory established. However, could he serve as a catastrophe? Oh, hardly. How do you imagine a fire in the coal bunker? The roaring flame, which throws on the metal trim of the walls of the sinister bugs, fantastic sailors with a naked toast, someone shakes the pump, and the water jet disappears in the raging wall of the fire? I must disappoint you - in fact, everything is much more prosaic. In general, the fire in the coal bunker of steamers of that time thing is quite familiar. The coal does not burn with such a fire, it does not burn, but a quietly smokes, sometimes within a few days. Fought with such fires the most simple way - out of turn burned glowing coal in shipping furnaces. So the fire in the coal hold is a phenomenon, of course, unpleasant, but, as a rule, there is no serious trouble to the ship that is not alive. And certainly, under any circumstances, it is not capable of producing such monstrous destruction, which supporters of the versions of the death of the "Titanic" from the flame attribute to him. Especially since the fire on the ship was extinguished even before the release of him on the last flight. The bunker was empty and examined by the experts of the shipyard, where the Titanic stood. It seems that the most serious consequence of the fire was a light deformation of one of the waterproof bulkheads, which could not affect the fate of the liner.
But Shanan Meloni, he still believes that Iceberg is just one of the factors who destroy the steamer. In the process of scrupulous study of photographs made in ten days before the "Titanic" left Southampton, the journalist discovered on the inside of the sheathing traces of soot. It is in that place that was subsequently damaged in a collision. Fire in the fuel storage, according to experts, began during high-speed tests in the dock in Belfast.
The vessel owners knew that in the depths of the "Titanic" a fire was raging, but turned out to be so greedy that they decided not to cancel the flight. In order for the passengers to do not suspect anything, the ship was deployed in the Southampton port to another side. The officers ordered to keep her mouth on the castle.
The liner went into swim, but the team of 12 people could not manage to cope with fire. Gradually, the trim fucked up to a thousand degrees Celsius. Experts in the field of metallurgy, with which Meloni consulted, stated that steel at such a temperature becomes breaking, losing up to 75% of its strength. For this reason, when you hit the iceberg in the nasal vessel, there are six slots at once with a total length of about 90 meters. With such serious damage, the non-optimability system of the ship did not cope.
So the Ray Boston, who has studied the documents of this catastrophe for many years, found evidence. According to him, the fireguard Dilly, who said: "We could not put out the fire, and rumored that as soon as we land passengers in the port of New York and unload coal bins, they will immediately call for help fire boats For extinguishing fire. "
Iceberg proportion liner trim just under the hopper number six, where the largest hole formed, and there was no one to extinguish the fire. And the commission of the Kochegar, the Commission investigating the death of the liner, for incomprehensible reasons, did not pay attention.
Fourth version. German torpedo
1912 To the First World War, two years remains, and the prospect of armed conflict between Germany and the UK is becoming more likely. Germany is the owner of several dozen submarine, which during the war unfolding the ruthless hunt for enemy ships trying to cross the ocean. For example, the reason for the entry of America to the war will be the fact that the submarine U-20 will sweep in 1915 "Lusitania" - a twig of the most "Mauritania" that set the speed record and won the "blue ribbon of the Atlantic" - remember? We are very detailed.
Based on these facts, some Western publications were offered in the middle of the nineties their version of the death of "Titanic": a torpedo attack by the German submarine, secretly accompanying the liner. The purpose of the attack was discrediting the British fleet, famous for its power to the whole world. In accordance with this theory, "Titanic", whether it did not come across the iceberg at all, whether he received very minor damage in a collision and would be afloat if the Germans did not finish the ship Torpeda.
What does this version speak in favor of this version? Honestly, nothing.
First, the collision with Iceberg was not subject to doubt. The deck of the vessel even fell asleep with snow and ice crumb. Cheerful passengers started playing playing in football - that the ship is doomed, it becomes clear later. The collision itself passed surprisingly quietly - almost no one felt him from the passengers. Torpeda, you will agree, it could hardly explode completely silently (especially since some assure that the submarine released six torpedoes by the ship!). Supporters of the theory of the German attack claim, however, that people in the boats heard a terrible roar before the dive of "Titanic" - well, it was two and a half hours later, when the feed and death of the vessel did not cause any doubt over the water. It is unlikely that the Germans would have released a torpedo on almost a sunken ship, isn't it? And the roar that heard was heard, was explained by the fact that the feed of "Titanic" rose almost vertically and had huge steam boilers from his places. Also, you should not forget that about the same minutes "Titanic" broke in half - Kiel could not resist the weight of the rising feed (however, learn about it only after finding a liner at the bottom: the result was lower than the water level below), and this also happened silently . And why did the passenger liner be trapped in two years before the start of the war, would be a passenger liner? It seems to be mildly, doubtful. And speaking straight - absurd.
The very first horror about the mummy
Fifth version. Curse of Egyptian Mummy
In the eighties of the nineteenth century near Cairo, the beautifully preserved mummy of Amenhotep IV was discovered, named whether Amen-Ow, or Amen-RA, or Amennophis (lovers of mysticism, as you know, do not bother on such trifles. Mummy, and mummy ). During his life, Mummy worked as a famous prisoner, and therefore, after death, a lush burial was awarded: with jewels, figures of the gods, and, of course, magic amules. Among them was an image of Osiris, decorated with an inscription: "Went from your fainting, and your look will crush everyone who gets up on your path." Others, however, insisted that it was written "Rank out of the dust, and only the eyes of your eyes will enthusiame over any goat against you," but what, in essence, the difference? That's when the third timidly suggested that nothing on the mummy was written, there was definitely it was clear that it was nonsense.
Ticket for Titanic
Finally, our mummy acquired a certain American millionaire in the British Museum and sent to his American residence aboard the ship. Well, guess what liner was chosen for this purpose?
The sarcophague on the way served an ordinary box, or a glass, or a wooden (not tin, in any case, for sure), and he was stored just about the captain's bridge. Mystics of all the masters, they assure that Captain Edward Smith, of course, did not resist before the temptation and looked at this box with Mumia: they met their eyes and ... no, they did not love each other; quite the opposite: a monstrous curse came true. Otherwise, judge for yourself how to explain that in the head the captain stood up, and he sent the "Titanic" with his own heavy hand right to the right death?
And, in fact, why it is believed that in the head of the captain strangled, and he was his own hand sent "Titanic" to the right death? Well, how could he not come in his head if he met her eyes with mummy? As you can see, there is nothing to object.
It's a shame that Mummy died over a thousand years before the birth of Aristotle, so she was tight with logic. Otherwise, she would realize that the direct consequence of the fact that the ship will finish the iceberg, the death of her, muminous, precious body is in ocean water, it is unlikely to meet more than a few days. And the destruction of the body is the worst thing that can happen to the mummy: her soul there will be no place to return. So if the mummy really had a magical force, in its interests it would be to protect "Titanic" as a sense of her magic eye. Or maybe she also bought for advertising rhetoric about the unspecified ship and did not pay attention to dangerous icebergs?
Whatever it was, but the mummy died in the ocean puchin, disappeared without the balance, and it cannot come to their honest name; By this, yellow presses are pregnant, regularly publishing accusations for its address under the same headlines: "Sensation! "Titanic" ruined the curse of pharaohs! ". Leave it on the conscience of journalists.
By the way, Mummy, by the way, was not the only historical relic died on board "Titanic". For art, much tragic death in the Atlantic Ocean of a genuine manuscript of Omar Khayama "Rubayyat" - relics, which was truly no price.
Six version. Error steering and human factor
Recently recently the book of grandmother of the second assistant Captain "Titanic" Ch. Lytoller Lady Patten "For Gold Weight" about the tragic destiny of Titanic, reveals new sensational sides of the catastrophe. It turns out that the Titanic team discovered the iceberg in advance, which made it possible to avoid collisions. The reason for the collision was a steering panic, which performed the wrong maneuver.
Revelation that was hidden about 100 years of family of one of the Titanic officers is published in the new book. The second officer Charles Liteoler, who escaped during the catastrophe hid a mistake from the commissions on both shores of the Atlantic, because of the concerns of the bankruptcy of shipowners and deprivation of his colleagues. And even after his death, because of the concern to cause damage to his reputation, relatives hid the truth.
But now his granddaughter - the writer Patten in the new novel opened the curtain of secrets. When the first assistant of Captain Ulyam Murdoz for 2 Miles noted Aisberg, his order "on the right side" was incorrectly interpreted in the cut by Robert Hitchins. He first turned the ship to the right, and although immediately corrected the course, but due to the high speed of Titanic, his right side was a risk of Aisberg.
At first glance, it looks amazing that anyone else - the more person standing at the steering wheel during the first flight of the most expensive in the world of the ocean liner, "could make such a Scholar's mistake. However, explains Patten This apparent incredible mistake had a completely concrete technical cause.
"Titanic" was launched at the time when the world passed from sailing ships to the vapor. Her grandfather, like the rest of the senior officers on "Titanic," began on sailing ships. On the sailboats, the team was served "on the tiller". If you need to turn the vessel in one direction, then the tiller turn to another (let's say if the vessel needs to turn left, then the tilt is rotated to the right). Now it looks unnatural, but at one time it was made to give teams that way. The teams "on the steering wheel" used on the steam courts remind control of the car - the vessel is sent to the other side into which it should turn. The situation additionally confused the fact that, although the "Titanic" was a steamer, in North Atlantic At that time, the teams "on the tiller" were used. Accordingly, Murdoch and gave the team "On the Rifler", but the rented Hitchins mechanically executed the team "on the steering wheel" as he was taught. To change the course they had only four minutes, and when Murdoch noted Hitchins's mistake and tried to fix it, it was already too late. "
Grandfather Patten, who later created his own ship repair company in Richmond-on-Thames (where his little shipyard was located, a memorable plate is hanging), shared with his wife, which Sylvia was called, another, potentially even more murderous secret. If the steering hatchins simply was mistaken, then Bruce Ismy (Bruce Ismay), who also survived the head of WHITE Star Line, which belonged to Titanic, gave a disgusting order.
"Iceberg hit" Titanic "in the most vulnerable place," continues Patten, "but, as my grandfather considered, the liner could stay afloat for a long time. However, here it came to the bridge. He did not want at all that the vessel in which huge funds were invested, or slowly sank in the midst of the Atlantic, or was departed into the port. Too bad advertising! Therefore, he ordered the captain to give small forward. "Titanic" was considered unspected! "
Captain "Titanic" Edward Smith
This can also be added that shortly before this sad anniversary in one of the United Kingdom's auction houses for trading was put out a letter to passenger with "Titanic", which managed to survive. Previously, this letter did not appear anywhere. The passenger writes in his letter that she saw the captain of the ship drunk on the day of the crash.
According to the woman, she also saw as the captain of the Titanic, having passed the control of someone from the crew, sat in the bar and absorbed the whiskey. Thus, it may turn out that the "Titanic" sank not because of the fateful coincidence, but due to a banal criminal negligence.
What versions we missed except official?
And a little more about the ship legend: here's
For the first time, Titanic got on the main pages of newspapers as the largest ship in the history of mankind, and his first flight should have made a long journey through the entire Atlantic in April 1912. As everyone knows, instead of a triumphal swimming, the history of shipping was supplemented by the greatest catastrophe. On his fourth day, traveling 105 years ago, 643 kilometers from the shore of New Scotland, the ship collided with Iceberg and sunk for 2 hours and 40 minutes. In that terrible day, 1,500 passengers died, which mostly died not from injuries or asphyxia, but from supercooling. Few who managed to survive in the ice water of the Atlantic Ocean, the temperature of which in April 1912 fell to - 2 ° C. Do not hurry to be surprised, the water may well remain liquid with such a cold if it takes into account that in the ocean it is a salt solution with other nutrients, and not clean H2O.
But if you explore the history of Titanic deeper, you will also find stories about people who, during an unforeseen catastrophe, were resolutely, avoided death and helped others drowning. Over 700 people experienced disaster, although for some of them it was a matter of happy chance. Before you are 10 stories survivors in the tragic catastrophe of the Atlantic.
10. Frank Pentice - crew member (warehouse assistant)
Right before the Titanic finally plunged under water, the vessel's feed briefly rose into the air perpendicular to the water level. Then the member of the Frank Prentice team (Frank Prentice), one of the last on the ship's ship, together with 2 of his comrades, decided to jump from a sinking liner into cold water. One of his colleagues during the fall hit the Titanic screw propeller, but Prentis was able to fly 30 meters to the water itself, where the idle body was already waiting for him. Fortunately, the franc soon picked up a lifeboat.
In the history of Prentice it is easy to check, especially since his clock was stopped at exactly 2:20, and this exact time The final immersion of the Titanic in the water of the Atlantic Ocean. It is noteworthy that in a few years Prentice survived another shipwreck when the Oceanic (Oceanic) served on board the military vessel during the First World War.
9. Eight Chinese passengers from the third grade
It may surprise, but if you read the reports on large-scale evacuation with a sinking Titanic, you will understand that at first it was a very civilized process. All passengers obediently performed the orders of the carriage carriage, and many of them were pleased to give their places in rescue boats to women and children. They did it voluntarily and without coercion. Panic did not deprive people of prudence and honor. At least not all and not immediately.
But if you want to know how in the shipwreck of the beginning of the 20th century, it was possible to survive passengers with a more practical approach to testing, it would be interesting for you to listen to 8 Chinese immigrants, which went on board the legendary vessel all at one ticket. It was a group of immigrants from Guangzhou, lost work due to the coal crisis, and sailing home to Hong Kong.
In different immigration reports, their names changed, but today it is no longer important. When a collision has occurred with Iceberg, the seven of them squeezed into rescue boats before these boats were directed to the landing grounds. The Chinese disappeared in boats under the blankets, and remained unnoticed for a long time. Five of them survived. The eighth Chinese, too, moved shipwreck - his rescue boat №14 (saving and Harold Phillimor, which we will tell a little later). Salvation 6 people from group 8 comrades - good statistics, but their heroic behavior is difficult to call.
8. Olaus Yorgensen Abelzet - second-class passenger
Olaus Jorgensen Abelseth (Olaus Jorgensen Abelseth) was a Norwegian shepherd worked on a livestock farm in South Dakota (South Dakota). He returned from the trip home after visiting relatives, and in April 1912 he sat down on Titanic with five members of his family.
During evacuation from the Titanic, people were seated on rescue boats for certain considerations. Adult man could hit the rescue boat, only if he had good experience In shipping, which would come in handy to control the swimming agent in the waters of the open ocean. Rescue boats were only 20, and at least one experienced sailor had to be present on each of them.
Abelset had six years of seaware experience, in the past he was a fisherman, and he was offered a place in the next boat, but a man refused. And all because some of his relatives did not know how to swim, and Olaus Jorgensen decided to stay with them to take care of the survival of his family. When the Titanic completely sank, and the relatives of Olaus still washed away into the water, the man remained afloat in the cold ocean as much as 20 minutes while he was not saved. When Abelset was in the boat, he actively helped save other victims of the shipwreck, puming out moving in ice water.
7. Hugh Volner and Maurice Biornstrem-Shteofanszon - First Class Passengers
Hugh Volner and Mauritz Biornström-Steffanszon (Hugh Woolner, Mauritz Björnström-Steffansson) were sitting in a smoking salon when heard about a collision with iceberg. Gentlemen accompanied her girlfriend to life boats and helped the Titanic crew in organizing planting women and children in the boat. Hugh and Maurits were on the bottom deck, when they decided to jump into the last boat until she descended on. Their jump was committed 15 minutes before the final flooding of the Titanic, so it was an attempt from the category "now or never."
Biornstrem-Steffanson successfully jumped into the boat, but Wolner turned out to be less successful and missed. However, a man managed to grasp the edge of the boat, and his friend managed to delay Hugh, while he hung over the ocean. Ultimately, Vulnera helped climb the boat. It was salvation, complete drama.
6. Charles Join - crew member (Main Baker)
Most of the victims of the Titanic crash died from hypothermia (hypothermia) within 15 - 30 minutes in ice water, but Charles Joughin is true proof that each rule has its exceptions. Join was drunk when the steamer collided with Iceberg. Despite the extraordinary conditions and his drunken state, the Baker helped with another sinking, throwing over the side of the Titanic lounge chairs and chairs, so that people were for what to grab, and not drown. After the liner finally plunged into the water, Charles drifted in the area of \u200b\u200bthe crash site for more than two hours while he did not come to one of the rescue ships.
Survival experts associate the success of the joine so that alcohol raised the temperature of his body, as well as the fact that, as the baker himself argued, he tried not to immerse his head into the icy water. Some critics doubt that a man stayed in water for so long, but the fact remains a fact, and Joine has witnesses from a rescue boat.
5. Richard Norris Williams - First Class Passenger
Richard Norris Williams traveled with his father first class, and together they sailed to the tennis tournament. After the collision of Aisberg occurred, both of them retained calmness, demanding to open the bar, and spent some time in the gym. Williams even managed to help one passenger, when they realized that it was not time to cool.
As a result, Richard had a chance to observe how his father covered with a flue pipe and took place in the sea one of the waves, flushing into the ocean, the collapsible A. model was one of the 2nd boats on board a sinking Titanic, and the crew did not physically prepare both These rescue To land in them, people and the right descent on the water.
Later, on board the British steamer Carpathia (Carpathia), the first to help the victims of the Titanic, doctors advised the surviving Norris amputate both frostbed legs. The athlete responded to the recommendations of the doctors, and contrary to the initial forecasts of the physicians not only did not lose their legs, but also restored their functionality. Moreover, a man returned to tennis sport and won the Gold Medal at the 1924 Olympics. In addition, he was awarded for impeccable service in the First World War.
4. The genus "Rose" Abbott - Passenger of the Third Class
Everyone knows the seasick rule "first women and children", but not everyone knows how hard it was. If the boy was over 13 years old, he was no longer considered a child. This did not suit the Passenger of the Third Class of the Rhoda Abbott, which was not going to abandon the two sons of 13 and 16 years old. Abbott gave a place in the boat to stay with their children to the end. She was a woman of solid beliefs, a member of the Christian Humanitarian Mission Army of Salvation and Mother Single. The genus grabbed every child by the hand, and together they jumped over the board of a sinking vessel.
Unfortunately, both of her son drowned, and to the surface of the water, the mother heroine surfaced without them. Like Richard Norris Williams, Rosa grasped on board the overgrown folding boat Collapsible A. Her legs suffered from supercooling almost as strong as tennis player's feet. Abbott spent 2 weeks in the hospital, but it does not cancel the fact that it turned out to be the only woman who survived after swimming in the icy waters of the Atlantic Ocean on the night of the Titanic Circle.
3. Harold Charles Phillarmore - Crew Member (Steward)
Kate Winslete (Rose Decatur, James Cameron, Kate Winslet) played the famous rose rose character, was a fictional, but the prototype of this romantic history could be an example of Steward Charles Phillimore.
The man was found clinging behind floating fragments in the middle of the corpses, when the last rescue boat arrived at the place of crash in search of survivors. Phillymore shared part of the drifting wooden beam with another passenger, which in the plot of Cameron did not make a rose of the December, allowing the love of her whole life to die from supercooling. After the tragic shipwreck, Harold Phillymore continued his maritime career, achieved outstanding success and earned a medal for the service in the Navy during World War II.
2. Harold Bryd - representative of Marconi Wireless
Harold Bride (Harold Bride) was one of two telegraph operators of the British company Marconi Wireless, whose task was to ensure the connection between the passengers of the vessel and the mainland. Bryde also answered navigation messages and warnings from other ships. During the crash of Harroud and his colleague, James Phillips (James Phillips) was allowed to leave his post to save as soon as possible, but both of them supported the connection of the Titanic with the rest of the world until the last minutes of the legendary steamer.
The telegraphists worked as long as the water began to fill them with the cabin. Then they realized that it was time to leave the ship. Colleagues sat on the last rescue boat, known as Collapsible B. Unfortunately, during the descent on the water, she turned upside down, and all her passengers were in ice water. Harold Bride so hardly hung his legs, which hardly climbed on the rescue staircase on board the British steamer of Carpaution, when he arrived at the crash site to help surviving victims.
On the way to his salvation, Harold sailed past a dead body, which was his comrade James Phillips, who deceased with this terrible night from supercooling. Subsequently, Bride did not like to speak in the public about what happened, because he was "deeply struck by all these experiences, especially the loss of his colleague and a friend Jack Phillis."
1. Charles Lightoller - Captain of the Second Rank
Charles Lightoller (Charles Lightoller) began his maritime career from 13 years ago, and by the time of service on Titanic as a captain of the second rank, he managed to see much. Before concluding a contract with the British shipping company White Star, which belonged to a gigantic steamer, Lightoller already experienced a shipwreck in Australia, Cyclone in the Indian Ocean, and travel hitchhiking from Western Canada to England itself after participating in unsuccessful exploration of gold-bearing seats in Yukon (Yukon) .
When the Titanic collided with Iceberg, Lytoller was one of the first to start the rescue boats on the water. At about 2:00 (20 minutes before full flooding liner), the bosses ordered him to sit into the boat and to escape himself, to which Charles was bravely answered about the following: "No, damn it is unlikely that I will do it" (Not Damn Likely).
As a result, he found himself in the water, swam to the tipped folding COLLAPSIBLE B boat, which we have already mentioned above, and helped support the order and moral spirit among the survivors. The officer traced the boat to turn over again with all passengers on board, and seeded people so that no one was cleaned into the Ice Ocean.
The captain of the second rank Charles Litoller was the most recent rescued person who jumped from Titanic to the Atlantic Ocean, and on board the Carpathians he was raised almost four hours after the appearance of rescuers from other steamats. In addition, he was the oldest office among all the surviving crew members, and according to the Charter participated in the hearings of the US Congress in the case of the tragic collapse of Titanic.
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One of the largest shipwrecks in the history of mankind even after 100 years does not give rest to many people. How could the super-modern, equipped with all the necessary innovations of that time a ship with a loud name "Titanic" go to the bottom because of a collision with some iceberg?
It turns out that there are several factors in addition to the huge blockage of ice, which ultimately could lead to a catastrophe. Here is some of them.
In the fuel compartment of "Titanic" a fire was hammer
"Titanic" moored in the port of Southampton. April 1912.
British journalist Senon Moloni (Senan Molony), who has been examined by the history of Titanic for 30 years, studied the photographs made before sending a liner to the flight, and came to the conclusion that the cause of the crash could be fire in the fuel compartment of the ship.
The fire arose before the release of the liner in swimming, and he was trying to exacerbane for several weeks. The journalist found out that the owners of the vessel knew about fire and tried to hide him from passengers: for this in Southampton, the ship was deployed to the coast to the other side so that the passengers would not notice the traces of the soot.
The trimming of the vessel in this place was heated to a temperature of about 1,000 ° C, and when the "Titanic" ran into the iceberg, the steel could not stand it - a huge sliver was formed. Experts confirmed that with such heating, steel is broken and loses up to 75% of hardness.
Binoculars were locked, and the key remained on land
One of the binoculars "Titanic", which many years later was found at the bottom of the ocean
At the last moment before being sent, the management of White Star Line decided to change the first assistant captain on the vessel, appointing Henry Wilde, who had experience in managing huge liners. But the previous first assistant David Blair forgot to give Wilde the keys to the safe, which stored binoculars.
Of course, on board the "Titanic" were and trembling, but without binoculars they had to count on their own eyes. They noticed Aisberg when it was too late.
It became known about locked binoculars only 95 years after the tragedy, when the key from the safe was put up for auction.
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