The broken pyramid is a unique monument of Ancient Egypt. Satellite broken pyramid, full passage (44 photos) Pyramid pyramid in Dakhshire
- Dashur -
Pyramid of Snofer
Dashur. The broken pyramid of the Snowfra. Senefra, Sea Nefer-Ru - so it was called the ancient Egyptians. So she is known to us. But the story of her name (that translated from the ancient Egyptian means "double harmony") and its initial appointment of the shutter of the mystery of the Millennium. In the meantime, the most mysterious and impregnable Pyramid of Egypt pleases the eye with its elegant and original forms, towering among yellow Peskov Dashura, then in the bright radiance of the Sun, then under the shadow of the clouds, then in the morning fog, which is inherent in Egypt. It is closed for visits because of its complex and dangerous interior premises, completely unsuitable for finding a person in it. The expedition was preparing a year. During this time, we raised the whole available on the Internet material. But, unfortunately, the photo material was practically absent. Relying on the scheme of the first researchers of the broken pyramid (John Perring, Ahmed Fakhry and Hassan Mustafa), we set themselves the task of showing you that until now was hidden behind the iron door of the northern downward corridor.
- 1839John Perres first examines the inner premises of the pyramid, penetrating the upper connecting tunnel and the southern chamber.
- 1882 British archaeologist Flinders Pitry explores the northern descending corridor of the pyramid.
- 1946-1949 Abel-Salam Hussein spends four seasons in the pyramid (until his death), but his recordings are lost.
- 1951-1955 Ahmed Fahri for 4 seasons every year works in the pyramid. His records relate mainly to its external architecture.
- 1962 Vito Marajioglio and Celeste Rinaldi publish detailed description and drawings of the appearance and indoor premises of the pyramid, as one of the results of its 20-year work on the study of the pyramids of Memphis.
- 1997 Enera Baiuk first publishes color photographs made inside the broken piramynda on the site "GUARDIANS DAHSHUR".
- 2001 Charles Rigano visits the broken pyramid, which tells about in his article, in the magazine "The Ostracon".
Our group attended Dashur, starting in 2010. In 2011, for the first time, I managed to visit the broken pyramid companion and make a detailed photo report about its interior.
- 2012 The broken pyramid of the Snofer opens its doors to our Estimating Research Group.
The composition of the expedition and the administration of the IICID project thanks the historian of Joseph Aviaman and the Ministry of Antiquities of Egypt for the possibility of visiting the broken pyramid.
Welcome to the broken pyramid of Snofer ...
1 Stage of construction
Stages of construction Pyramid
Archaeologists found out that the pyramid was rebuilt three times. The fact that it is confirmed by the location of the stone blocks. The pyramid was rebuilt with the aim of giving it a more sustainable design, but it turned out completely differently. Perestroika led to an increase in the pressure of blocks on the internal chambers, which led to the appearance of cracks and even the real possibility of collapse.
At the first stage, the base side had a length of 157 m, and the angle of inclination is about 58 ° (or 60 °). With such values \u200b\u200bof the base and angle, the height of the pyramid would be about 125 m.
When half the pyramid was already collected, problems were found with the fortress of the whole design and the builders had to abandon the initial plan.
At the first stage, about 12.70 m. Input tunnels (downward corridor) and approximately 11.60 m. Rising corridor.
2 Stage of construction
To improve the reliability of the construction, builders had to reduce the angle of inclination to 54 °. Accordingly, it was possible to increase the length of the base of the pyramid by 15.70 m. Now the total length of the base began to be 188 m. Calculations show that at an angle of 54 ° and the base length of 188 m. The height of the pyramid would be 129.4 m, and the volume - 1.592.718,453 m 3. However, at an altitude of 49 m. Construction stops again.
3 Stage of construction
In order to reduce the load on the inner chambers of the pyramid, at the third stage of construction, the tilt only the upper part of the pyramid was changed - it was reduced to 43 °. Due to the decrease in the angle of inclination, the overall height of the pyramid has decreased - up to 105 m.
Western entrance to the pyramid
Western entrance to the pyramid is absolutely unique and has no analogues as in the sense of direction, so in the sense and safety. He comes out on the west side of the pyramid with intact trim, and had a preserved shut-off swivel plate, masking him. The stove was removed and transferred to the Egyptian Museum in the 50s of the 20th century. Thanks to its safety, we can now know exactly how the entrances to the pyramids were arranged and masked.
Features of the pyramid
The pyramid contains 2 actually connected in itself (initially) the system of premises - upper and lower. The move between them was broken after construction through layers of masonry. Currently, the design of these premises looks very strange, but it is caused by the fact that in the premises (probably ancient diggers) are broken and removed huge amounts of floors and structures lying on the floors. For example, according to the preserved trails of cement in the form of steps in the lowest chamber, it becomes clear that there was a very cool stone staircase before moving to the chamber above. In the chamber above there was also a high floor or pedestal, and the bottom "window" into the vertical well was not available for the Pharaoh contemporaries. In the upper rooms, in the so-called. The king chamber, now visible a large array of spacer beams from the Lebanese cedar. In the original, this system was deeply recessed in the masonry and the floor of the camera. Radio carbon analysis of the tree indicated the approximate time of creating the pyramid and the reign of the Snofer.
Lower system of premises broken pyramid
Figure explaining the device shut-off porticulis broken pyramid
Top system of premises broken pyramid
Pyramid-satellite
View of the satellite pyramid
The location of the interior of the small pyramid
Entrance to a small pyramid
South of the broken pyramid at a distance of 55 meters.) The laying of stone blocks of this pyramid is quite primitive, and the blocks themselves are rudely processed. As scientists were found out, the limestone for the pyramid was delivered from Tourah - the southern suburb of Cairo, located on eastern Bank Nile (from there they took the limestone Pharaohs of the late and middle kingdom for the construction of their assfilms). Unlike the broken pyramid, this one no longer has cladding and very quickly collapses from erosion.
The entrance to the pyramid is located on the north side at an altitude of 1.10 m above the ground and starts with a downward tunnel. This tunnel goes under the tilt of 34 ° and has a length of 11.60 m. Then there is a short horizontal corridor. Next, the corridor begins to go up at an angle of 32 ° 30.
Horizontally downward passage (above it) was found tunnel and stone blocks in it. According to the construction of builders, blocks were to roll along the inclined plane (32 ° 30 ") and block the path to the ascending tunnel. Today two blocks are still visible there. At the end of this passage there is a small emptiness.
This pyramid has one feature - on the walls and semi are numerous red lines of unknown nature.
The location of the premises of the pyramid resembles their location in the Hueops pyramid. Here the ascending corridor precedes the gallery, and at the end of the gallery there is an entrance to the burial chamber. The camera is only 1.6 m long, it was not detected by sarcophagus and, apparently, the pyramid was never used as a tomb. In the southeastern corner of the premises, a shallow pit (4 meters) is visible, diverted by presumably treasurers.
This is the only pyramid-satellite of such large sizes and with such a complex system of arrangement of internal cameras.
Herbert Ricke originally suggested that this pyramid was the tomb of Queen Hietepheres. However, modern researchers think otherwise, because no traces of what ever was used as a tomb had not been discovered. The appointment of this pyramid is rather a cult (Rainer Stadelmann) - conducting rituals and committing sacrifices. Confirms this hypothesis also that not far from the east side was discovered alabaster altar with two 5-meter steles on the sides.
Upper temple
With the eastern side of the pyramid there are remnants of a small temple. Two destroyed 9-meter limestone steles with the name of the Snofra were found here. One of the stele can be seen in the Cairo Museum. The temple has never been used as a tomb, but only as a venue for religious rites. Archaeologists found out that the temple was repeatedly reconstructed - first at the XII dynasty, and then at a late period. This proves that the Snofer was the object of the Egyptian worship for several thousand years.
see also
- Pink pyramid is another pyramid of Snowfra in Dakhshire.
Notes
External links
Coordinates: 29 ° 47'25 "p. sh. 31 ° 12'33 "in. d. / 29.790278 ° С. sh. 31.209167 ° C. d.
Is an Dakhshur - Necropolis of the Egyptian pharaohs. The king among all builders Pyramids was Pharaoh Snofra, who founded the IV dynasty 4.5 thousand years ago. It was a period of real boom in the construction of the pyramids. Pharaoh Snofra built not one, but three more huge pyramids. To do this, it was necessary to produce and bring about 100 thousand cubic meters of stone. Two of the three pyramids of the Snofer are in Dakhshire. The second pyramid of the Snofer is called "Broken" pyramid. The stability of the pyramid depends on the angle of inclination of its faces. It seems that some problems arose with this pyramid - the slopes of the lower part were too cool and began to collapse. I had to change the angle for greater stability. This attempt was crowned with success - "broken" pyramid costs here for several thousand years. What you can not say about the pyramid located nearby - this is the last pyramid built in ancient Egypt. She became a real nightmare for pharaohs.
Broken pyramid and "failed" pyramid
It was assumed that another pyramid would become the tomb of the Snofer - this is the first "real" pyramid in the world. Thanks to the reddish tint of stones, she received modern name — « Red "Pyramid Snowfra (or "pink" pyramid). The height of the pyramid is about 106 meters, this pyramid is significantly higher than its predecessors. It is open for tourists and it must be visited. Development egyptian pyramids reached its peak - now residents Ancient Egypt were ready. They completed experiments - the angles were accurate, it was possible to start the construction of a new miracle of light.
Red and broken pyramid Snofra - video
Dakhshur - how to get there
Dakhshur is located 6 kilometers from Sakkara. As a rule, these two sights of Egypt are combined into one excursion route. From Sakkara in Dakhshur can be reached by horse or camel.
Red and broken pyramid Snofra on the map
S-NFR-ḫˁ
"Phenomenon of Snofer"
(There is a determination of the southern pyramid)
height: 26 m;
base: 52.80 m;
incline: 44 ° 3.
The South Pyramid in Dakhsure is called "broken", "cut" or "rhombid" for its incorrect shape. It differs from other pyramids Ancient kingdom By what has an entrance not only on the north side, which was the norm, but also the second entrance, which is open above, on the west side. The northern entrance is located at a height of about 12 m above the ground level, leads to an inclined corridor, which falls under the ground into two rooms with protrusions. Of these two rooms, through the shaft leads a pass to another small camera, which also has a protrusion in the form of a roof. The entrances on the north side of the pyramid did during the ancient kingdom. It was associated with the religious beliefs of the ancient Egyptians. Why there was a need for the second, west, entrance - it remains a mystery. This pyramid did not find a trace of the presence of sarcophagus, which would be located in these rooms. The name of the Snofra was written in red paint in two places in the "broken" pyramid. Its name is found on the stele that stood inside the fence of a small pyramid.
To explain the non-standard form of the pyramid, the German Egyptologist Ludwig Borhardt (1863-1938) proposed its "theory of the growing". According to her, the king died unexpectedly and the angle of tilt the faces of the pyramid was sharply changed from 54 degrees 31 minutes to 43 degrees 21 minutes to quickly finish the work. Kurt Mendelson offered an alternative: the pyramid in the medum and the southern pyramid in Dakhshire were built at the same time, but an accident was happening in the medium - perhaps, after the rains, the cover fell - and this incident made it hurry to change the angle of the sides of the pyramid in Dakhshire, when it was built half.
Burial complex
The funeral complex consists of big pyramid Pharaoh and satellite pyramids. Both are surrounded by a stone wall in 2 meters thick. Stone fence is connected to the funeral temple of a long bulk road. The temple is located 704 meters from the pyramids, so it is called the meeting temple (or the temple of the valley). Moreover, the remains of another road derived from this temple deep into the valley to another temple were found. This location of the objects of the funeral complex is unique and anywhere else in Egypt is no longer found.
Pyramid
- Height: 105.07 m (~ 200 royal elbows)
- Foundation side length: 188.60 m (~ 360 royal elbows)
- Perimeter: 754.4 m;
- Area: 35 570 m 2
- Volume: 1 237 040 m 3
- Tilt angle: 54 ° 34 "and 43 ° 21"
- Angular coefficient: lower part - 7/5; Top - 17/18.
- The orientation of the sides of the pyramid on four sides of the light (error): ~ 9 "12"
- There are 2 entrances: from the northern side at an altitude of 11 m. And with Western at a height of 33 m.
Name of the pyramid:
| |
Pronunciation: CHA (ḫˁ)
1 Stage of construction
Archaeologists found out that the pyramid was rebuilt three times. This is confirmed by the location of the stone blocks. The pyramid was rebuilt with the aim of giving it a more sustainable design, but it turned out completely differently. Perestroika led to an increase in the pressure of blocks on the internal chambers, which led to the appearance of cracks and even the real possibility of collapse.
At the first stage, the base side had a length of 157 m, and the angle of inclination is about 58 ° (or 60 °). With such values \u200b\u200bof the base and angle, the height of the pyramid would be about 125 m.
When half the pyramid was already collected, problems were found with the fortress of the whole design and the builders had to abandon the initial plan.
At the first stage, about 12.70 m. Input tunnels (downward corridor) and approximately 11.60 m. Rising corridor.
2 Stage of construction
To improve the reliability of the construction, builders had to reduce the angle of inclination to 54 °. Accordingly, it was possible to increase the length of the base of the pyramid by 15.70 m. Now the total length of the base began to be 188 m. Calculations show that at an angle of 54 ° and the base length of 188 m. The height of the pyramid would be 129.4 m, and the volume - 1 592 718.453 m 3. However, at an altitude of 49 m. Construction stops again.
3 Stage of construction
In order to reduce the load on the inner chambers of the pyramid, at the third stage of construction, the tilt only the upper part of the pyramid was changed - it was reduced to 43 °. Due to the decrease in the angle of inclination, the overall height of the pyramid has decreased - up to 105 m.
Western entrance to the pyramid
Western entrance to the pyramid is absolutely unique and has no analogues as in the sense of direction, so in the sense and safety. He comes out on the west side of the pyramid with intact trim, and had a preserved shut-off swivel plate, masking him. The stove was removed and transferred to the Egyptian Museum in the 1950s. Thanks to its preservation, we can now know exactly how the entrances to the pyramids were arranged and masked.
Features of the pyramid
The pyramid contains 2 in fact not related to each other (initially) system of premises - upper and lower. The move between them was broken after construction through layers of masonry. Currently, the design of these premises looks very strange, but it is caused by the fact that in the premises are broken (probably ancient diggers) and huge amounts of floors and structures lying on the floors are cleaned. So, for example, according to the preserved trails of cement in the form of steps in the lowest chamber, it becomes clear that there was a very cool stone staircase before moving to the chamber above. In the chamber, there was also a high floor or pedestal, and the lower "window" to the vertical well was not available for the Supreme artists of Pharaoh. In the upper rooms, in the so-called king chamber, a large array of spacer beams from the Lebanese cedar is visible. In the original, this system was deeply recessed in the masonry and the floor of the camera. Radio carbon analysis of the tree indicated the approximate time of creating the pyramid and the reign of the Snofer. [ ]
Pyramid-satellite
South of the broken pyramid at a distance of 55 meters is a small pyramid (or pyramid-satellite). It is assumed that it was created for the "ka" (soul) of Pharaoh.
The initial sizes of the pyramid: height - 26 m (now 23 m), the length of the parties is 52.80 m. The angle of inclination of its sides is 44 ° 3 "(which is almost identical to the corner of the pink pyramid). Laying of stone blocks of this pyramid is quite primitive, and The blocks themselves are roughly processed. As scientists were found out, the limestone for the pyramid was delivered from Turah (Tourah) - the southern suburb of Cairo, located on the eastern bank of the Nile (from there they took the limestone pharaohs of the middle and late kingdom for the construction of their assipients). Unlike the broken pyramid, This no longer has cladding and very quickly collapses from erosion.
The entrance to the pyramid is located on the north side at an altitude of 1.10 m above the earth and begins with a downward tunnel. This tunnel is under the inclination of 34 ° and has a length of 11.60 m. Then a short horizontal corridor goes. Next, the corridor begins to go up at an angle of 32 ° 30.
Above the downward pass (horizontally) was found tunnel and stone blocks in it. According to the construction of builders, blocks were to roll along the inclined plane (32 ° 30 ") and block the path to the ascending tunnel. Today two blocks are still visible there. At the end of this passage there is a small emptiness.
This pyramid has one feature - on the walls and semi are numerous red lines of unknown nature.
The location of the premises of the pyramid resembles their location in the Hueops pyramid. Here the ascending corridor precedes the gallery, and at the end of the gallery there is an entrance to the burial chamber. The camera is only 1.6 m long, the sarcophagus was not discovered in it and, apparently, the pyramid was never used as a tomb. In the southeast corner of the premises, a pum is visible to a depth of 4 meters, diverted by presumably treasurers.
This is the only pyramid-satellite of such large sizes and with such a complex system of arrangement of internal cameras.
Herbert Ricke originally suggested that this pyramid was the tomb of Queen Hietepheres. However, modern researchers think otherwise, because no traces of what ever was used as a tomb had been discovered. The appointment of this pyramid is rather a cult (Rainer Stadelmann) - conducting rituals and committing sacrifices. Confirms this hypothesis also that not far from the east side was discovered alabaster altar with two 5-meter steles on the sides.
Upper temple
With the eastern side of the pyramid there are remnants of a small temple. Two destroyed 9-meter limestone steles with the name of the Snofra were found here. One of the stele can be seen in the Cairo Museum. The temple has never been used as a tomb, but only as a venue for religious rites. Archaeologists found out that the temple was repeatedly reconstructed - first at the XII dynasty, and then at a late period. This proves that the Snofer was the object of the Egyptian worship for several thousand years.
The broken pyramid is surrounded by a halo of mystery. It is considered the first pyramid on Earth, her form, appointment and inner structure cause many questions from scientists, and the location of the funeral complex makes it truly unique.
This is a majestic structure, located in Dashura's necropolis, not far from Cairo, has a height of 101.1 meter, and is named so because of its irregular shape and angle of tilt faces. It has two entrances - on the northern and on the western parties, and the appointment of the second input to this day remains a mystery. Despite its antiquity, the pyramid is well preserved. There was a part of the trim and the shock stove, which is now in the museum.
The broken pyramid has a satellite pyramid, which also adds to her uniqueness. They are surrounded by a stone two-meter wall.
Historical information
Presumably, the broken pyramid was built during the reign of Pharaoh Snofra and initially wore the name of the southern shining. Scientists believe that Pharaoh is not buried in it, but in the northern pink pyramid, which was built simultaneously with the broken pyramid.
Some historians concluded that she was rebuilt three times - either because of the early death of Pharaoh, or due to the instability of the initial design. It is known about her little, since no documents that shed light on its purpose, not reached our time.
Cultural value
It is believed that precisely the broken pyramid of the Snofer is the ancestor of all pyramids. She was the first of its kind and from her began the era of the construction of great pyramids, which, nevertheless, was rapidly ended.
The presence of a satellite pyramid, from which two roads lead to the temple, suggests that this structure also has a religious purpose.
Nearby attractions
Of course, the main significant structure near the broken pyramid is the pink pyramid. Another visited place is a dark pyramid, which is located in a semi-dilapidated complex. Inquisitive travelers will surely be interesting to visit as many complexes as possible - in Sakkara, Abusir, Maidum and in Giza, where the Great Pyramids and Sphinx are located. Will not be superfluous to visit the ruins ancient City Memphis - excavations still underway there.
Start visiting interesting places stands with Cairo. Be sure to visit Mausoleums and the mosques of the capital of Egypt, as well as National Museum Antiquities, where the exhibits of the times of the ancient Egyptian civilization are presented.
Passing to the broken pyramid
To explore this attraction and its surroundings, it is convenient to purchase a two-day ticket to Dakhshur in Travel agency - one day may not be enough to inspect all the attractions and walks through Cairo.
You can also go to your move - first by bus to Sakkara, then by taxi to Dakhsura. There is also an option to order a taxi for all journey or rent a car.
The broken pyramid is one of those places at the visit to which it is worth spending time traveling in Egypt. Being near this monument, like a head, you are immersed in history, feel His greatness, and the time seems to cease to exist. The construction of precisely the broken pyramid was the impetus for the development of the most important stage in the history of ancient Egypt, called the epoch of the Great Pyramids.