The history of Australia. Population of Australia. How the immigration began to Australia. Australia, interesting facts - the highest mountains, the largest river and the most dangerous animals of Australia Australia Prison
Eastern Australia was proclaimed by the United Kingdom territory in 1770, and the first colony was founded on January 26, 1788. As the population of Australia grew, six self-governing colonies were founded on the territory of Australia.
January 1, 1901 These six colonies formed a federation. From this time, Australia retains a stable democratic control system. Australia's neighbors are Indonesia, East Timor and Papua - New Guinea from the north, Solomon islands and Vanuatu from the northeast, New Zealand from the south-east. The shortest distance between the main island of Papua - New Guinea and mainland Australia - 150 kilometers; However, from the Australian Island of Boygu to Papua - New Guinea is only 5 kilometers.
The name "Australia" comes from the lat. Australis, meaning southern. Legends about "unknown southern Earth"(Terra Australis Incognita) go from the times of Romans, were a common place of medieval geography, but were not based on real knowledge. The Dutch used this term for all newly open southern lands from 1638.
The name "Australia" has become popular after publishing a trip to Terra Australis Captain Mafej Flinders. The governor of the new South Wales McCweii used this name in correspondence with England. In 1817, he recommended this name as official. In 1824, the British Admiralty finally approved this name of the continent.
How to begin immigration to Australia
In the UK, the XVIII century was marked by significant social changes that led to the growth of crime. The main reason was the extreme need. To stop it, the authorities issued strict laws providing severe penalties. At the beginning of the XIX century, about 200 crimes were punished with death. "To death, even for the smallest thief," wrote one traveler. For example, one 11-year-old boy hung over the stealing of the nasal handkerchief! Another man was recognized as guilty of insult, in the theft of a silk wallet, gold watches and approximately six pounds sterling. He was sentenced to hanging. The execution was replaced by a lifetime link. In that terrible era, such a fate has suffered approximately 160 thousand people. Women, as a rule, together with their children, sentenced to 7-14 years of religion work.However, at the beginning of the XVIII century, the authorities issued the law, in many cases allowed to replace the death penalty by deportation to the English colonies in North America. Soon there, mainly in Virginia and Maryland, on the courts began to send up to thousands of prisoners per year. But, declaring himself in 1776 independent state, these colonies no longer wanted to take British criminals. Then they began to send them to the terrible floating prisons on the Thames River, but they were crowded.
The exit appeared thanks to the opening of the new lands by Captain James Cup. In 1786, it was decided to make the eastern coast of Australia by the place of reference. Next year, the "first fleet" sailed from the shores of England for the founding of the first colony called New South Wales. Other ships went behind him, and soon in Australia there were many factory settlements, including Norfolk Island, located 1,500 kilometers northeast Sydney.
"Many deported in Australia" Criminals "were children who have not achieved adolescence," writes Bill Beatti in his book "Early Australia-with Shame Remembered". As stated in this book, in one case the court sentenced to the "lifelong link to Australia" a seven-year-old boy.
The first wave of immigration to Australia: the foundation of religious colonies.
Initially, the staging in the Australian colonies was for prisoners placed in raw and dirty ships trims, a real nightmare. Hundreds died on the way, others - shortly upon arrival. Many lives took the qing. But over time, doctors appeared on the courts, especially on those who transported concluded-women, such a mortality rate has decreased significantly. Subsequently, with the improvement of ships, the time of the way has decreased from seven to four months, and deaths have become even less.
Another threat to life was shipwrecks. The British ship "Amphitrite" five days after sailing from England, still being located within visibility from the coast of France, got into the strongest storm. Non-religiously thrown by waves for two days, the vessel stranded in a kilometer from the shore on August 31, 1883 at five o'clock in the afternoon.
However, the team did not attempt to save and did not go down rescue boats. Why? For one simple reason: so that the prisoners are 120 women and children - did not run away! After three hours filled with horror, the vessel began to sink, and people began to wash off in the sea. Most of the team and all 120 women and children died. In the following days, 82 corpses threw ashore ashore, and among them was the corpse of the mother, pressed her child so hard that even death could not solve them.
But I must say that the situation of some prisoners was not so bad. After all, for someone in Australia, in fact, opened best perspectivesthan in the homeland. Yes, that part of the history of Australia was distinguished by extremely inconsistency: she combined cruelty and mercy, death and hope. She took his beginning in the UK.
Settlement of Australia: when death is desired.
Governor of the New South Wales, Sir Thomas Brisbane, decided that the most accurate criminals should be sent from the new South Wales and with Tasmania to Norfolk Island. "There, these bastards will lose all hopes for returning home," he said. Sir Ralph Darling, the next governor, swore to create on Norfolk "Such conditions, worse than only death." So it happened, especially during the reign of John Price, the governor of noble origin. Price "The thought of criminals guessed with a deadly accuracy, and this, together with the strict observance of the law, gave him some kind of mystical power over the convicts." For singing, insufficiently fast walking or insufficiently zealous pushing, the convict could get 50 shots or 10 days staying in the chamber, where there were up to 13 prisoners and where it was possible only to stand.Only priests, as spiritual faces and therefore, inviolable, could openly condemn such inhuman appeal. "They do not describe any words as severely treated with the convicts," wrote one priest. "What to even think about it was terribly impunity."
History of Australia: a glimpse of hope.
With the arrival in 1840 to Norfolk Captain Alexander, the situation has improved somewhat. He introduced a new assessment system, which took into account how much the convict was corrected, he assumed encouragement for good behavior and gave him the opportunity to earn freedom, accumulating a certain number of estimates. "I'm sure, writing the patterns that you can correct any criminal. The intellectual abilities of a person are rapidly restored, if you direct his thoughts into the right direction, to handle Humanno and not deprive of its hope."Reform Images turned out to be so effective that it was subsequently used to be widely used in England, Ireland and the United States. But at the same time, with his innovations, the makons struck a strong blow to the pride of some influential people whose methods he rejected. It cost him places. After his departure, the cruel treatment of Norfolk resumed, but not long. In 1854, thanks to the priests, the island stopped being a venue of relocative settlements, and exiles were crossed by Tasmania, in Port Arthur.
Port Arthur, especially in the early years, also inspired horror to people. But still the treatment of the convicts here was not so cruel as on Norfolk. Body punishment here was abolished almost completely in 1840.
As Ian Brand wrote in his book "Port Arthur-1830-1877", George Arthur, the strict governor of Tasmania, wanted to consolidate the reputation of "places with iron discipline" for his colony. And at the same time, Arthur wanted every convict to help that "good behavior is rewarded, and the bad thing is punished." To do this, he divided the convicts for seven categories, starting with those who for exemplary behavior was promised early liberation, and ending those who were sentenced to the most difficult work in the chambers.
When the link to Australia turned out to be a blessing
"For the convicts, with the exception of those who were exiled in Port Arthur, on Norfolk ... and in other similar places, when unbearable conditions have reigned," Bitty wrote, "the prospects for the future in the colony were much better than at home ... here in front of the convicts opened the opportunity to survive the best life. " And in fact, the convicts who received early liberation or serving due time, realized that in Australia, their families are waiting better life. Therefore, after liberation, only units returned to England.Governor Laclan McQori, a hot defender of liberated convicts, said: "A person who came to freedom should never remind about the criminal past and, all the more to reproach them; it is necessary to let him feel like a full-fledged member of the Society that has already redeemed his guilt and became a decent behavior man. " McKori supported his words: he allocated liberated exile landAnd also gave them some prisoners to help on the field and by farm.
Over time, many hardworking and enterprising former convicts have become wealthy and respected, and in some cases even famous people. For example, Samuel Lightfoot founded the first in Sydney and Hobart Hospitals. William Redforn became an all respected doctor, and Francis Greenway Australians are obliged to many architectural structures in Sydney and its surroundings.
Finally, in 1868, 80 years later, Australia stopped being a place of reference. The modern society of this country is not reminded of those terrible years. Partially preserved calerables represent only historical interest. A less terrifying evidence of that era: bridges, buildings and churches built by convicts are preserved. Some of them are in excellent condition and are used to this day.
Port Arthur is located on the Tasmania Peninsula, in Australia. This small town Known in that until 1877, a coward prison was located, considered one of the most scary prisons in the world. It contained the most revealed criminals, including those who have already escaped from other prisons. In prison, built in 1933, serving about 13,000 prisoners, 2000 of which died in it.
Port Artur Prison was a complex of 60 buildings. There were 80 single cameras, morgues at the hospital, a Catholic chapel, cathedral, in which representatives of all denominations, a psychiatric hospital, bakery, laundry, kitchen, a resident of the Commandant and a lot of others could pray. Most of the prison buildings were injured during forest fires, wooden buildings were destroyed by them, only stone was preserved.
Now Port Artur Prison is available for tourists. They can examine what remained from prison buildings. In the walls of prison, the actors play scenes from the life of prisoners. Excursions are also held on the island of the dead, where the prison cemetery is located, tourists also show a former colony for boys Point Puer, where they sent from nine years.
Coordinates: -43.14929800,147.85251300
Sue Paull photographed prisoners of the most famous prisons of Australia for 15 years when they taught them art. Her stunning photos show the world of murderers and rapists, hidden behind bars.
Before becoming a prison teacher of art and photographer, Paul worked in the school system, whose rules did not like her. When she came to classes with particularly dangerous prisoners, he felt rather ease.
Under her leadership, hundreds of prisoners painted paintings, made clay dishes and sculptures, which were later exposed to Long-Bay's prison and in many overseas gallery.
While working in the penitentiary system, the half began to photograph prisoners, first only in the midst of the studio, and after and outside it. Its stunning black and white pictures make it possible to look into the hidden world of Australia prisons in the period between 1993 and the end of the 2000s.
Using in many of its photos a documentary style, half, however, draws attention to beautiful images, such as the tattoos of prisoners and their physical strength, which is extremely necessary for survival behind the bars.
Terry prisoner stands in front of one of his paintings called "Long Bay Hilton Foyer".
Prisoner at the gym in the Long-Bay correctional complex in 1993 during daily exercise, which many prisoners do to maintain a proper form in rather dangerous prison conditions.
Jane's officer in full equipment in the correctional center of Gulburn, where in 2002 the officer's female officer saved the officers during the uprising of prisoners, having received knurless injuries and severe head injuries.
The prisoner Tom Foster shows its powerful physique and tattoos while working in the workshop of garden statues in the prison of the general regime of Silveruwner, where he was transferred from Long-Bay prison.
The attendant jailer in 1996 on the top tier of the Parramatta correctional center, which opened in 1798 and was closed in 2011, the old destroyed prison of sandstone, sising rats.
Amanda and Michael in 1993 in Long-Bay prison, one of the 34 correctional centers of the new South Wales, where transgender relations are part of the prison life.
The convicted killer Jeffrey Websdale, whom Sue Poll describes as an "excellent specialist," next to one of his works in Long-Bay prison in 2004. In 1989, being an intern on the combine, he shot two and wounded two people in the combiner camp, earning the maximum 25-year-old statement.
Waene Brown prisoner, dressed in prison green training pants, poses for a prison art and photographer Sue Paul inside the Long-Bay correctional complex in 1997. Poll Interested in his tattoos, including the word "mother" ("MUM") on the right hand.
Barbed wire and steel bars emitted the gate in the old part of the Long-Bay correctional complex in 1997, where they were placed on particularly dangerous prisoners, including murderers and rapists. Later, the prison began to take less dangerous criminals.
Andrew's concluded in the Statues of Statues in Silveruwer Prison in 1997, during one of the final stages before leaving freedom.
Prisoner without shirt takes a sun bath in Long-Bay prison in 1994
Armed jailer in the 8th tower of the Long-Bay correctional complex in 1997. Only guards in the tower can wear a weapon and, if necessary, shoot in fugitives or rebuilders.
Long-Bay prisoner is engaged in sports in the courtyard in 1993.
The jailers woman at the gate of the Long-Bay correctional complex in 2007, through which all the guards must pass to get into the work part of the prison.
Prisoners make a variety of sharpening and from any found pieces of metal and even from the toothbrushes.
Steve prisoner shows his tattoos in the Long Bay correctional center in Sydney in 1994.
Isolated courtyards in Parkle's correctional center in 1996 for cruel and violent prisoners.
Prisoner in Long Bay Prison gym in 1994.
Sue Poll worked with the prisoners a teacher of art. She found creative talents in hundreds of particularly dangerous criminals.
Sue Paul photographed tattoos of some prisoners.
Wedding between a woman and prisoners in the Long-Bay correctional complex in 1996, before the authorities banned weddings in prisons with a maximum security level. Few, which take place behind bars, should now be allowed by the Commissioner.
Some of the tattoos are quite difficult to decipher.
A concluded Tom Foster in the Long-Bay correctional complex in 1997 at his picture depicted a flower.
The interior of the 9th wing of Long-Bat prison in 1997 shows chambers doors during the reconstruction period, when their inhabitants were resettled into other prisons.
An official with a cigarette in the teeth, who led wage records, posing for Sue Paul in Long-Bay prison in 1993.
Armed with a rifle Woman guard in the Gulburn correctional center in 2004, two years after the rebellion, when 30 prisoners with improvised weapons attacked staff, wounding seven guards and almost killing one.
Prisoner-Aboriginal Doug Pier with one of his paintings. His works are now in collections in Canada, USA, France and Great Britain.
Clothes of prisoners hanging on the railing in the Batters correctional center in 2000.
Young prisoner Simon in Long Bay prison in 1993.
Aborigine Jason stands in the shadow of barbed wire from his large-scale painting near the middlewood in Long-Bay prison in 1999.
The former once a huge prison, Australia now ranks first in the global rating of happiness.
The history of modern Australia began in 1606, when the reckless Dutch captain Janszon moored to unknown land and called it "New Zealand" - in honor of the Dutch province.
Here this name did not fit, but subsequently went to the east of Australia to the east of Australia. Dutch did not fit: local population Met them hostile, several sailors died. Having gave the order to raise anchor, the captain wrote in the ship's journal: "nothing good can be done there."
I confirmed this conclusion and its compatriot Captain Carstenz: "These shores are unsuitable for life, they are inhabited by poor and miserable creatures."
The biggest prison in the world
Well, the Dutch has always been good sailors, but completely no warriors. Other business of the British. James Cook sent to spread the crown power on unknown land - He spread. The English colonists walked to the fire and sword the English colonists on the Australian coast. The Dutch was probably seen in this only confirmation of the words of Captain Janson.
In those years, it has already become clear that the United Kingdom bit off more landWhat could really master. The only application that was found for Australia is beautiful, well isolated from civilized (thousands of miles) prison.
Already 18 years after the first visit, Cook ashore was landed by those who subsequently be delicately called "unfinless passengers on the courts of Her Majesty" - the convicts. Several tens of thousands of embittered people, often seriously patients who have been having sold people who have configured the aborigines and those who have become unknown in Australia diseases - became the basis of the future of the Australian society.
FOR REFERENCE : Now, in the 10s of the XXI century, Australia ranks first in the world ranking of Better Life Index's happiness from organizing economic cooperation and development. GDP per capita raises for 45 thousand dollars - a place in the first top ten, from large countries Ahead is only the United States. 84% of Australians answer that "much more often" is experiencing positive emotions than negative.
How, damn it, did they do it?
At one time, Australia (like New Zealand) began to rise on gold and wool. Sheep began to breed another convicts, and later it became literally a national occupation ("Australia jumps riding a sheep") and until the end of World War II ensured the main influx of funds to the country. Suffice it to say that in the 1880s, a unique "dog fence" was built here more than 5 thousand kilometers long (with more than enough, to overwrite the European part of Russia from north to south), protecting pastures from Dingo's dogs.
Like New Zealand, Australia survived the Golden Boom in the 1870s. But if the easily accessible deposits quickly depleted, then in general, Australian reserves were not overlooking so far. This is a real world pantry: almost the entire table of Mendeleev is mined here.
Australia has provided its actual independence from the British Crown of Australia thanks to ... Meat Freezing Technologies. After it became possible to export not only wool, but also other parts of the sheep, a country with a well-developed agriculture could simply ignore London. And the British had enough wisdom not to start a military operation for a thirty lands: in the air already smelled of the first world.
Yes, and there were little chances for victory. After all, it was the peculiar contingent of the first settlers played a role in the success of Australia. Courage, endurance, perseverance, ability to physical laborinitially, Australian trumps in front of the fryed Europe were originally.
There was no happiness, yes war helped
And then the world wars thundered, which prettyly enriched by Australia remote from conflict - both in high demand for raw materials and human capital: thousands of qualified specialists left the mobilization, fighting.
It must be said that they took not everyone: until the 1970s dominated the concept of "White Australia", and, let's say, the Asian entrance was virtually closed. Only when the level of education in Asia rose to more or less decent, the prohibition was removed - and now the immigrants from China, Indochina, India play an important role in the country.
The rich subsoil, the beautiful climate of the southern coast, multiplied by the harsh Protestant ethics (its traces and are now traced in the country, although most of its inhabitants are no longer religious), they helped to make a blooming edge from an unwriting continent. Problems in Australia, like everywhere, quite a lot - now, say, this is the confrontation of Muslim expansion (more precisely, a lifestyle, which is brought with me migrants), but it is difficult to doubt that the Australians will cope with this to their misfortune. This is not Europe, everything is more serious here and easier.
The new prison of the highly strict regime "Hunter" in the north of Sydney is little similar to the prison in general. There are no cameras and doors, and prisoners can call at least to late night or watch TV with a touchpad. At the same time, they are under the scrutiny of 600 camcorders 24 hours a day, and in case of incidents, the elite quick response command is always ready.
The prison leadership believes that this is the future of the rehabilitation system for such criminals, as killers, rapists and recidivists.
What can surprise those who smiled skeptically, reading this: in the first six months, the work of the Khunter correctional center did not have a single attack on the guards and a single clash between prisoners. Not a single death case, escape, and only one prisoner hurt himself. And this is an excellent result compared to other strict regime institutions.
The purpose of the prison is to "achieve a hundred percent result on the employment of prisoners, the receipt of life skills, education and programs that corrective their illegal behavior."
Prisoners work at five o'clock a day and get 65 dollars per week for it. They also have three hours on leisure, which includes a treadmill and other simulators, a library and a multi-conversion chapel.
The prison "Hunter" was built in just a year and opened on January 30th. In the building four wings, each of which has four common bedrooms, or "block". Each unit accommodates 25 prisoners who live in open single rooms, more like an office. The rooms have a table, chair, mattress and interactive television.
Although the Khunter correctional center works differently, it still remains a prison.
The rapid response team is always ready.
The senior prison warder Melanie Campton is watching one of the common bedrooms through the window before lunch.
Prisoners can store products and personal hygiene products in their room.
An interactive TV with a diagonal of 60 centimeters has access to free television channels, radio and some movies.
In contrast to the usual prisons, the prisoners of the Khunter correctional center are not sitting behind bars.
Through such windows, the guards are watching common bedrooms.
The prisoners are provided to toilet paper, plastic kitchen appliances and a secure razor. All this they can store in their room.
Wall with posters in the room of one of the prisoners.
Criminals lined up for roll call. Each of them, having heard his surname, should answer "Yes, Miss" or "Yes, Sir".
The officers of the rapid response team in two minutes will be in any part of the prison to prevent a dangerous situation.
In the arsenal of guards, pep springs and noise grenades. However, since the opening of the prison, they never needed.
Personal hygiene objects - baby powder, shampoo and deodorant.
Each prisoner is obliged to work. They can learn, for example, working with the metal that they will come in handy in life behind the walls of the prison.
Also prisoners can learn the drapery craft. The furniture they manufactures is used in other prisons of the state new South Wales.
The head of the correctional institution "Hunter" Richard Heikk wants convicts rehabilitated and returned to society.
To recreation sites in prisoners more access than in other Australian special regime prisons.
In common bedrooms high ceilings and partitions, absorbing sound. Surprisingly, in the premises are usually very quiet, even if all prisoners in place.
In total, in the prison "Hunter" 400 prisoners. Most of their day are engaged in work, learning and other programs.
The correctional institution has a multi-confessional chapel.
Wherever there is room for the ablution of legs.
The menu is hanging in the kitchen for a week, and the prisoners can choose dishes.
Touchball is a popular game in the Hunter prison.
Prisoners are preparing lunch. On Thursdays they have chicken Taco and Salad.