Between what is the Caucasian Mountains. Caucasian mountains. Relief, climate of the Caucasian Mountains. Mountain system, location of the Caucasus Mountains
The main Caucasian (waterproof) ridge is a continuous mountain range that extends more than 1100 km from the North-West to the south-east of the Black Sea (Anapa District) to the Caspian Sea (Ilhahydag mountain northwest from Baku). Caucasian Ridge Delivers the Caucasus into two parts: Pre-Bukazkazier (North Caucasus) and Transcaucasia (South Caucasus).
The main Caucasian ridge shares the basins of the Kuban rivers, Terek, Sulaca and Samura in the North and Inguri, Rioni and Chickens - in the south.
Mining systemwhich includes the main Caucasus Ridge, referred to as the Big Caucasus (or the Big Caucasus Range), unlike the Small Caucasus - the extensive Highland, located south of the valleys of Rioni and Kura and related directly with the elevations of Western Asia.
For a more convenient viewing, the Caucasian ridge can be divided along the length from the west to the east to seven parts:
The Black Sea Caucasus (from Meridian Anapa to the Fisht Mountain Group - Ok. 265 km),
Kuban Caucasus (from Oshthen to the source of Kuban) - 160 km,
Elbrus Caucasus, or West (Karachay-Cherkesskoe) Elbrusie (from the source of Kuban to the top of Aday-Hoh) - 170 km,
TERSKY (KazBek) Caucasus (from Ada-Hoha to Barbalo) - 125 km,
Dagestan Caucasus (from Barbalo to the top of Sari-Dag) - 130 km,
Samurian Caucasus (from Sari-Dagu to Baba Dag) - approx. 130 km,
Caspian Caucasus (from Baba-Dag to the top of Ilkhhydag) - approx. 170 km.
Also adopted a more enlarged division:
Western Caucasus (limited to East Elbrus);
Central Caucasus;
East Caucasus (limited from the West Kazbek).
The entire system of the main Caucasus ridge occupies approximately 2,600 km². The north slope takes about 1450 km², and the South is about 1150 km².
The width of the Caucasian ridge in Western (somewhat west of Elbrus, and including the Albrus Mountain Array) and Eastern (Dagestan) parts - about 160 ... 180 km, in Central - about 100 km; Both tips are strongly narrowed and imagined (especially the Western) minor width.
The highest part of the ridge is highest, between Elbrus and Kazbek (average heights of about 3,400 - 3,500 m above sea level); The highest peaks are focused here, the highest of which is Elbrus - reaches a height of 5,642 m above the UR. m.; East Kazbek and the west of Elbrus ridge decreases, and more accurately in the second direction than the first.
In general, height, the Caucasian ridge significantly exceeds the Alps; It has no less than 15 vertices exceeding 5,000 m, and more than 20 peaks above the Montblan, the highest peak of all Western Europe. Advanced hills accompanying Main Ridge, in most cases, they do not have the nature of continuous chains, but there are short ridges or mountain groups associated with the waterproof ridge by the spurs and grocessed in many places in deep gorges of rivers, which, starting in the main ridge and breaking through advanced hills, go down to the foothills and go to Plains.
mount Elbrus from the air - the roof of Europe 
Thus, almost all over (in the West - from the south, in the East - from the north), a number of high boiling ridge adjoin the waterproof ridge, in most cases of lake origin, closed on one side by the heights of the watershed, as well as its spurs, and on the other - Separate groups and short ridges of advanced elevations, which in some places in height exceed the main chain.
From the northern side of the watershed, crossflaws predominate, and with southern, except the western tip, - longitudinal. It is also characteristic of the Caucasian ridge also the fact that many of the primary vertices lie not on the waterprooper crest, but on the tips of the short revogs heading to the north (this is the position of the vertices of Elbrus, Koshtra, Aday-hoh, etc.). This is the so-called side Caucasian ridge, which stretches in the prevailing majority of cases (in many places) even below the rocky.
Northern Slope of the Caucasian Range
The northern, more developed slope of the Caucasian Range, formed by a multitude of revolving, in general, almost perpendicular to the main ridge and separated by transverse deep valleys, reaches a very significant development in the vicinity of Elbrus (Elbrussky ledge). The most significant lift [Elbrus-Mineralovo zone of faults] is heading from this vertex directly to the north, serves as a watershed between the waters of Kuban (Azov) and Terek (Caspian Sea) and, falling by the ledges further, breaks into the island mountains of Pyatigora and extensive Stavropol elevation (main lifting Advanced protrusions reaches a pasture ridge, barking the baked kislovodskaya brand turns south (Kislovodsk) to the east, together with the gorges and valleys of the rivers stretches to the Terek-Sunzhensky interfluve - forming the Terek-Sunzhenskiy, and further - up to the Andiy Range).
The northern slope in the eastern part of the Caucasian ridge is even more developed, where numerous, and very significant in height and length, its spurs form the extensive mountainous country Dagestan (Dagestan protrusion) is a large mountainous area, closed by high Andiysky, Sala-Tau and Gimrynsky (2334 m ) Ranges. Gradually falling to the north, the northern slope is formed by many advanced hills, which are placed in the form of ridges and mountain revolts; Such mountain ranges include the so-called black mountains (see) (Pasture Range), located north of the main ridge, at a distance of 65 km from it. Black mountains form gentle and long slopes, in most localities covered with dense forests (hence the name), and to the south, steep cliffs. Rivers flowing from the main ridge, break through black mountains on deep and narrow, very picturesque gorges (Sulak Canyon depth to 1800 m); The height of this advanced chain, in general, is insignificant, although (in the west of the Dagestan protrusion) in the upper course of Ardon and Urum, some of their vertices reach the height of more than 3,300 m above sea level (Kion-hook - 3,423 m, Karga-Hoch - 3 350 m, vase-hook - 3,529 m (rocky and side ridge)).
View of the Caucasian Range from the Rose Base
The southern slope in particular is poorly developed in the western and eastern parts of the ridge, reaching a fairly significant orographic development in the middle, where parallel hills are adjacent to it, forming the longitudinal valleys of Ryoni, Inguri and Tskhenis-Tskhali, and depart to the south of the Long Sgings, separating the pools of Alazani , Iori and chickens.
The coolest and least developed plot of the southern slope - where it falls to the Alazan valley; G. Rodalala, located at an altitude of 355 m in the southern sole of the Caucasian Range, is in a straight line just 20 km from its crest, reaching the heights of more than 3,300 m above sea level. The Caucasian ridge does not differ in operation; Only on the Western and Eastern His tips there are comfortable and low passes, quite affordable all year round.
Over the rest of the distance, with the exception of Mamson and Cross Passions (see Military-Georgian Road), ways across the ridge in most cases are bias or even pedestrian paths, partly completely inaccessible to use in the winter season. Of all the passages, the crusade has the greatest importance (2 379 m), through which the military Georgian road passes.
Central Caucasus
Caucasian glaciers
In terms of the number of glaciers, their area and sizes, the Caucasian ridge is almost not inferior to the Alps. The largest number of significant glaciers is located in the Elbrus and theory parts of the ridge, and the glaciers of the first discharge in the Kuban basins, Terek, Liahvah, Rioni and Inguri around 183, and the second category - 679. In total, at the Great Caucasus, according to the "Catalog of the USSR glaciers" (1967 -1978), 2,050 glaciers with a total area of \u200b\u200b1,424 km². The value of Caucasian glaciers is very diverse, and some of them (for example, Bezengi) are almost not inferior in size to the Alachian glacier in the Alps. Caucasian glaciers do not go down so low anywhere as, for example, Alps glaciers, and represent a large variety in this regard; So the Karagoland glacier is descended to the end to a height of 1,830 m above sea level, and the Shah-Dagi Glacier (Shahdag (4243 m), in the Bazardzu region) - to a height of 3,320 m above sea level. The most famous glaciers of the Caucasian ridge are:
Mount Fisht, Caucasus
The name of the glacier (the mountain with which descends)
Bezengi (bass. Cherley Bezengian) Peak Shota Rustaveli, Shhara
Dyh-Soo [Dream-Cooo-Bugois]
Karagom (Urum, Bass. Terek) Ada-hoh
Tsaniri [Tsanner] (bass. Inguri) TTTNULD
Nadoraki (bass. Amali) Kazbek
Big Aza (Baksan, Bass. Terek) Elbrus, South Shoulder
Snowy Valley Jikiugankanesis
Malka and Baksan Elbrus, East Shoulder
Tsei (Ardon, Bass. Terek)
Lechwir [lexier, lexiry] (bass. Inguri)
Yezengi (Yusingi)
Donguzorun-Cheget-Karabashi (Zap.), Juñoney Ridge (Vost.)
glacier Schheldy (Adylsu, Bass. Baksan)
Shheld (4368 m),
Chatintau (4411 m)
panorama of the Caucasian Range 
In the Ice Age, the Caucasian Range glaciers were much more numerous and extensive than now; From numerous traces of their existence found far from modern glaciers, it can be concluded that the ancient glaciers stretched for a length of 53, 64 and even up to 106.7 or more kilometers, going down to the valleys to heights 244 ... 274 meters above sea level. Currently, most of the Caucasian Range glaciers are located in the retreat period lasting for several decades.
Chief Caucasian Range - Abkhazia
Main peaks and Caucasian Range glaciers
Bezengi - Mountain District of Kabardino-Balkaria, Central, Higher Part Caucasian Gor., which includes the Benefic Wall of the Chief Caucasus Range and the Side Ratches Sitting from the North, forming the River Blue River basin.
Bezengian Wall
The Benefic Wall is a 42-kilometer mountain range, the highest plot of the main Caucasian ridge. Typically, the boundaries of the wall are the tops of Lalyver (in the West) and Shhara (in the East).
To the north the wall cool breaks up to 3000 m to the Benelli Glacier (Ullu-Chira). South, to Georgia, the relief is complex, there are wall areas, and high-altitude glacial plateau.
Vershins of the Area
Bezengian Wall
Lalyver (4350)
Yesenin Peak (4310)
Guestla (4860)
Katyntau (4974)
Dzhangitau (5085)
Peak Sh. Rustaveli (4960)
Shhara (5068)
Mount Lykhtau, side ridge
Side ridge
Koshtatau (5152)
Krumol (4676)
Peak Tikhonov (4670)
Mihirgi (5025)
Pushkin Peak (5033)
Dykhtau (5204)
Warm corner
Gidan (4167)
Peak Archimedes (4100)
Georgia, Trinity Monastery near Mount Kazbek
Salin-Bashi (4348)
Ortokara (4250)
Peak Ryazan
Peak Brno (4100)
Misses-Tau (4427)
Peak cadets (3850)
Mount Schhara
Highest peak of Georgia
Schhara (cargo. შხარა) - Mountain peak in the central part of the main Caucasian (Water-Oven) Range, the highest point of Georgia. Height 5,068 m above sea level, some sources are evaluated at 5 201 m. It is located in Svaneti from South and Bezeng to Kabardino-Balkaria from the north, on the border with Russia, about 90 km north of the city of Kutaisi. Is part of a unique 12-kilometer mountain Massivaknown as the Bezengian Wall.
Folded with granites and crystal shale. The slopes are covered with glaciers, on the northern slope - the Glacier of Bezengi, on the South - the Schhara Glacier, from which the Inguri River is partially taken. Popular place of mountaineering. Soviet climbers first committed climbing Schhara in 1933.
At the foot of the southern slopes of Schhara, at an altitude of 2,200 m above sea level, the village of Ushguli Mesal district of Svaneti, which was listed World Heritage UNESCO.
Mount Tetnuld Main Caucasian Range 
Tetnuld (cargo. თეთნულდი " white Mount") - Top in the decklessness of the Benefic Wall, the main Caucasus Range in the Region of the Upper Svanetia, Georgia, 2 km south Vertain Guestla and borders Russian Federation (Kabardino-Balkaria).
Height - 4,869 m.
The peak is doubled, composed of ancient crystalline rocks. From the TTTNULDA, OISE glaciers flow, geek, (origins of Inguri), Adic, etc. The total area of \u200b\u200bglaciers is 46 km².
22 km west of the top is the district center of Mestia.
Mount Guestla
Zeysky glacier
Zeysky Glacier (Ost. Tsъyy Tziti) is a valley glacier on the northern slope of the Big Caucasus, one of the large and lowest descending glaciers of the Caucasus.
The Zeysky Glacier is located in North Ossetia and feeds on the main snow by the Mountain Hoh Mountain (4,408 m). The Zeysky glacier descends to a height of 2,200 m above sea level, that is, below the huge majority of the Caucasian glaciers. Its length together with firboards equals about 9 km, the area is 9.7 km². At the very bottom, it is quite narrow, and higher expands greatly, reaching 1 km wide. Standped with cliffs at an altitude of 2,500 m above sea level, it forms countless cracks and has several icefalls, above the surface of it again more smooth.
A cessic glacier from 2 large and 2 smaller branches is formed. From the ice arch of the Central Glacier, the beautiful river of the price (Ceidon) flows out, which flows from the west to the east along the deep picturesque and covered gorge-covered forest. She flows into Ardon on the left side.
Near the Tsei Glacier are climbing camps and the "Ossetia" camp, as well as the Hotels "Hotels", Scientific Station SCMI and meteorological station. Two were laid to the glacier cable roads. Mining and climatic resort area - Tsi.
Many poems as famous authors are devoted to the Tsei glacier and the gorge (for example, the "Center" Yuri Victor) and folk:
What a wonderful camp Tsei, /
I have a lot of friends here. /
And the mountains are near - I will not hide. /
Only go out for the threshold, /
Before the eyes of Adahyh, /
And the gray chick "Monk" above the head ...
Mount Acea-Hoch
Friend, thanks for the bowl,
Sky I hold in my hand
Mountain air state
I drink on the Zeisk Glacier.
Here the nature itself stores
Obvious trail of the old days -
Nineteenth year
Cleaner ozone.
And at the bottom of the Sadone pipes
SIZY pulls out smacks,
To me during it
This cold is not inhabit.
There under roofs like a grid,
Rain breathes and tremble
And thread trolley
Black bead runs.
I am present at the meeting
Two times and two heights,
And spiny snow on the shoulders
Old Tsay me puts.
Moscow, 1983. Arseny Tarkovsky
Mount Monk
Mount Dongzorun-Cheget
Donguzorun-Cheket-Karabashi or Donguz-Obun is the top of the main (or waterproof ridge) of the Greater Caucasus, in Elbrus. Located in the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria of the Russian Federation. Height - 4454 m.
Near, at an altitude of 3203 m located mountain pass Donguzorun through the main ridge between the valleys of the Baksan River (Russia) and Inguri (Georgia). At the foot of Donguzorun-Cheget-Karabashi flows one of the tributaries of Baksan - the Dongz-Obun River.
Mount Achishho
Achishho (Adyg. Goat Mountain: Achi - "Kozl", I am "height", "Top".) (Disturbo-kushh) - mountain Ridge In the West Caucasus, located on the territory Krasnodar Region Russian Federation. Height up to 2391 m (Mount Achishho, 10 km north-west of Red Polyana).
The ridge is composed by clay shale and volcanic (tuff-cooled) rocks. For landscapes of the Achishho Ridge are characterized by the Old Land-based Forms of Relief and Zapillage Lakes (including Karst), there are waterfalls.
The ridge is in the wet climate zone - the annual amount of precipitation is up to 3000 mm (the greatest value in Russia), the thickness of the snow cover reaches 10 m. The number of sunny days does not exceed 60-70 days a year.
Achishho slopes are covered with broader, mainly beech, in the north fir forests, on tops - Mountain meadows.
Range is popular with walking tourism lovers. There are dolmen.
Caucasian state natural
biosphere reserve
The reserve is the successor of the Caucasian Blazer Reserve, established on May 12, 1924, is located in the West Caucasus, on the border of moderate and subtropical climatic belts. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe reserve is more than 280 thousand hectares, of which Krasnodar Territory - 177.3 thousand gg.
On February 19, 1979, the decision of the UNESCO, the Caucasus Reserve was assigned the status of a biosphere, and in January 2008, the name H. G. Shaposhnikova was assigned. In 1999, the territory of the Caucasus State Natural Biosphere Reserve is included in the World Heritage List
Kuban hunt
In 1888, on behalf of Peter Nikolayevich's great princes, Peter Nikolayevich and George Mikhailovich were leased at the Forest Dacha of the Ministry of State Property and the Kuban Regional Military Board, about 80 thousand decishes of the Earth in the region of the Grand Caucasus Range. With Kuban Rada, an agreement was concluded on the exclusive right of hunting in these territories for the Grand Princes. In the future, the territories became known called the Grand Duct Kuban Hunt.
A few years later, the princes stopped traveling to Kuban for health, and then in 1892 she passed the right to hunt the Great Prince Sergey Mikhailovich, who took up the active arrangement of the territory.
Brosphere Reserve
In 1906, the ending period of lease on the territory of the Kuban hunt was extended for another three years, at the end of which these lands were planned to divide between the villages of the Kuban Cossacks. In 1909, the Kubansky H. G. Shaposhnikov worked by the forestry of the Belorechensky forestry, sent a letter to the Russian Academy of Sciences with the justification of the need to command the Kuban territory rented from the troops. The main argument for the creation of the reserve was the protection of the disappearing Caucasian bison. The letter was contrary to the borders of the reserve. Based on this letter, Academician H. Nosonov made a report, and the Academy of Sciences created the Commission. As military forestry, Shaposhnikov participated in her work on the organization of the reserve. However, for a number of reasons related to the section of the Earth, Kuban Cossacks, did not significantly advance.
Repeated attempts on the creation of the reserve were taken in 1913 and 1916. Finally, in 1919 a positive decision was made.
With the establishment in the Soviet rule region, the question of the reserve had to decide again. Only in May 1924 establishes the State Caucasian Zubne Reserve.
Cross pass - the highest point of the Georgian military road
Defense of the Caucasian Ridge
Fighting on passes.
In mid-August 1942, the 1st and 4th divisions of the 49th German mountain-rifle corps, focused in the Nevinnomyssk area and Cherkessk, began to move freely to the passages of the main Caucasian ridge, because in this direction our troops was not, and 46 "The army, who was entrusted to organize defense, did not have time to approach the southern slopes of pass. Engineering structures on passes were absent.
By August 14, the 1st German Mining and Rifle Division went to the area of \u200b\u200bUpper Teberda, Zelenchukskaya, Watchtow, and the 4th German Mining and Rifle Division - to the Akhmetovskaya district. Strong groups of specially trained climbers enemy who had experienced guides were mentioned by our parts and from August 17 to October 9, they took all the passes on the site from Mount Elbrus to the Utchar Pass. At the Klukhori and Sancharian directions, Nazis, overcome the main Caucasian ridge, went to its southern slopes, advanced by 10-25 km forward. A threat of capturing Sukhumi and a breakdown of communication on communication, which was held along the Black Sea coast.
The bid of the Supreme Commands on August 20 demanded from the commander of the Transcaucasian front along with the creation of strong defense at the main operating areas of the immediate increase in the defense of the Main Caucasus Range, especially the Military, Military Ossetian and military-Sukhumi roads. The rate prescribed to blow up and fill through all the passes and trails, mountain passes, on which defensive structures were not created, and the sections were defended by the troops to prepare for an explosion in case of waste. On all the roads and directions, it was proposed to appoint commandants, putting full responsibility for the defense and state of roads.
Performing an indication of the bets, the command of the Transcaucasian Front began to deploy the forces to suspend the offensive of the German fascist troops on the passes of the main Caucasus ridge.
On the Elbrus direction of the 1st German Mining and Rifle Division, taking advantage of the lack of our troops, on August 18, they took on the southern slopes of Mount Elbrus, Hyui-Tau and Chiper-Azaau, tourist bases "Circle" and "shelter eleven". Part of the 8th motorized regiment of the NKVD and the 63rd of the Cavalry Division, approached here and the 63rd of the Cavalry Division, the opponents of the enemy from these passages to the "eleven shelter", where he retrained until January 1943.
Cluther Pass covered the company's 815th regiment. On August 15, the enemy threw a regiment here. Without withstanding a strong blow, the defenders of the pass began to move onto the southern slopes where two more companies were located. The battles were fierce. Having learned about August 17, the command of the 46th Army was sent to the aid of the units of the 816th shelf two battalions and the NKVD detachment, which, approaching August 22 to the battle area, stopped the further offensive of the Nazis. September 8 parts of the enemy were thrown back to Cluther Passwhere they were located until January 1943.
On September 5, the enemy regiment after the concentrated bomb strike of aviation and the firewall of artillery and mortars began the offensive in the Maruhsky pass, which, two battalions defended. After stubborn battles, the defenders turned out to be forced on September 7 to leave the pass. The further offensive of the Germans here was stopped by sustained reinforcements, but it was not possible to reset them from the pass until January 1943. Pass of the Sanchar defended one company and the consolidated NKVD squad. Against the fascist command of them moved on August 25, the regiment. Hitlerians managed to knock out our divisions from the pass and almost freely reach the area, which is 25 km from Gudaut and Sukhumi. To meet the enemy was directed urgently created by the Sancharian group of troops in the composition of one rifle shelf, two rifle battalions, two regions of the NKVD and the cadet detachment of the 1st Tbilisi Infantry School. On August 29, the Group entered into contact with the German units, stopped them and Augustu, with the support of aviation, passed on the offensive.
Two days later, she took possession of the village of Pshu, who served the enemy by the main base on the southern slopes of the Chief Caucasus Range. Now, the Hitlerians did not remain in the area not one settlement. By October 20, our troops in the Suncharian direction with the support of the aircraft of the Black Sea Fleet were thrown them on the northern slopes of the Chief Caucasus Range.
The role of the aircraft of the Black Sea Fleet in the defeat of the enemy grouping in the san perception is huge. Airplanes DB-3, Sat, PE-2 and P-10, based on the airfields of Gudauta and Babuchians in a distance of 25-35 km from the front line, every day - sent 6 to 10 aircraft-departures to apply bombarding strikes on the enemy's troops, and In the days of tense battles - up to 40 flights. In total, in September 1942, the aircraft of the Black Sea Fleet dropped into the san perma and Maruchian passes of about a thousand Fab-100.
Thus, our troops, almost without artillery and mortars, received a large and only support from marine aviation.
The German fascist command was also trying to master the Umbiri and Belorechensky pass. At the Umparsky Pass, which was defended two companies, the Nazis 28th threw two reinforced battalions. However, thanks to a well-organized defense, bold actions of Soviet soldiers, numerous opponent attacks were repulsed. Belorechensky Pass stormed the infantry regiment and several squadrons of enemy cavalry with the support of artillery. The energetic actions of our forces and approached reserves, the enemy was stopped, and then dropped far to the north.
So, the actions of parts of the 46th Army and Aviation of the Black Sea Fleet The onset of the 49th-rifle corps of the Germans specially prepared for hostilities in the mountains in the mountains was torn. By the end of October 1942, a steady defense of the Main Caucasus Range was created.
Anti-the defense of the Potion Naval Base. In July - December, the defense of the Black Sea coast from the Soviet-Turkish border to Lazarevskaya was carried out by the forces of the Poti Naval Base together with the 46th Army of the Transcaucasian Front. In the second half of August, when the German fascist troops approached the passes of the Chief Caucasus Range, the 46th Army was overstated to the reflection of this major danger, the coastal defense became solely the task of the Poti Naval Base.
The composition of the base forces changed with the situation. The enemy strengthened the exploration of the main database of the fleet and began to inflict bomber strikes on the basis of the base and ships. By the end of December, the baseline regional defense area was replenished with a regiment and had, thus, in its composition three anti-aircraft shelf and a separate anti-aircraft artillery division. The rifle parts of the base also increased by one battalion and two plays of the marines. But these forces were clearly not enough to organize a reliable defense of the coast, so it was built on the principle of creating separate resistance nodes that covered the main directions. Duties were built between the resistance nodes, the intercourse was built, separate machine-gun points were installed, anti-personnel mine harnesses were exhibited.
The strongest defense with sushi was created in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Poti and Batumi, where four lines were decided to equip: advanced, main, rear and inner. The advanced line of defense was supposed to pass from the base at a distance of 35 - 45 km, the main border - in a distance of 25 - 30 km, rear - in a distance of 10 - 20 km from Poti and Batumi, internal - directly on the outskirts and in the depths of the gardens. For street fighting, the construction of barricades and anti-tank obstacles was envisaged.
However, the planned engineering defensive structures were not built. The advanced and main binding of defense due to the lack of labor did not work at all, and on the rear-line work by October 25 were fulfilled only by 75%.
The whole area of \u200b\u200bdefense of the Poti from Sushi was divided into three sectors. The first sector was defended by the Marine Battalion with the support of eleven coastal artillery guns, the second sector is a coastal defense school and a border detachment (343 people and seven guns), the third sector - the personnel of the 1st brigade of the torpedo boats and the border detachment (105 people and eight guns ). About 500 people were in reserve of the commander of the Poti Naval Base. In addition, all sectors were supported by ship artillery.
In order to better use forces during the coast defense, instruction was developed on the anti-defense defense of the Poti Naval Base.
However, there were significant disadvantages in the organization of the coastal defense. Engineering structures created in early 1942 due to the long time of their construction by 30 - 40% came into disrepair and demanded solid repairs. Coastal artillery was poorly prepared for the reflection of the enemy from sushi. On the batteries No. 716 and 881, there were absolutely no shrapnel shells. Over 50% of the personnel of the 164th separate artillery division did not have rifles.
Large flaws were in the organization of the air defense base, which revealed during the rotation of the enemy aviation on September 16. First of all, the surveillance and alert system was poorly worked. So, due to the location near the base of the dosage boats, the command of the Basic Area of \u200b\u200bAnti-Friend Defense Hvet had the opportunity to detect an enemy in time and raise fighter aircraft, and some anti-aircraft batteries did not even notice about the approach of enemy aircraft.
However, despite all these shortcomings, the compounds and parts of the Poti naval base ensured the reliable basing of the fleet and created favorable conditions for the actions of parts of the 46th army on the passes of the Chief Caucasus Range.
Conclusions on the actions of the Black Sea Fleet in the defense of the bases and the coast
As a result of a five-month attack in the second half of 1942, the fascist troops have achieved significant success. They captured the North Caucasus and Taman Peninsula, went to the foothills of the main Caucasian ridge and the Terek River and mastered the passes. The enemy managed to occupy important areas of economically and creating a heavy situation for our troops in the Caucasus, but it turned out to be unable to overcome the defense of our troops and to achieve strategic success.
In the course of fierce defensive fighting, Soviet troops and the Black Sea Fleet were desperable enemy, stopped his offensive in the foothills and at the turn of the Terek River and Thawed Hitler's plans to seize the entire Caucasus and the Soviet Black Sea Fleet.
The Black Sea Fleet and the Azov military flotilla, promptly subordinate to the command of the North Caucasian Front, and then the Transcaucasian Front, closely interacting with these fronts, provided them with great help in the defense and defeat the German fascist troops in the Caucasus. The Black Sea Fleet and the Azov flotilla reliably covered the seaside flank flank of our land forces, having organized the anti-defense defense of the Azov and Chernomorsky coasts, allocating about 40 thousand people for this purpose, from the composition of marine infantry units, parts of coastal and anti-aircraft artillery, 200 anti-aircraft guns, 150 coastal artillery guns, 250 warships, ships and floats and up to 250 aircraft.
Parts of marine infantry, coastal artillery and aviation, operating in the land directions, showed durability, high moral and political spirit, mass heroism and a unlimited will to victory over the enemy.
Although the contamination of the coast of the Black Sea Fleet was organized in accordance with the situation and fully justified itself, it should be recognized that it was weakly saturated with the rifle parts, which gave the enemy the opportunity to land on September 2, 1942 following the Taman Peninsula and attempt to land on the night of October 30 Truck east coast Cemes bay.
The experience of defense of Novorossiysk and Tuapse showed that lateness with the organization for defense forces, the small depth of defense and spraying forces led to significant losses in the lively strength and technique and the loss of Novorossiysk, and the timely creation of the Tuapse defense region made it possible to organize a deep solid defense base from sushi and not Admit an enemy to the defendant area. The database defense experience also showed that one of the main reasons for the rapid fall was the lack of reserves at the base command, which did not allow the opponent's blows in a timely manner.
The testing of the BAZ defense confirmed the need to organize interaction and unite all forces under a single command. The best form of such an organization was fully justified by the defensive area, divided into sectors and combat sites.
The heroic defense of the Caucasus was a good combat school for parts of the Soviet Army and the Black Sea Fleet. During her, they have accumulated a huge combat experience and mastered the tactics of action in the mountains. Soviet troops were re-equipped with light weapons, the rifle parts are enhanced by engineering compounds, the commanders captured the art of control of troops in difficult conditions, the rear has settled the supply of troops in mountainous conditions using aircraft and all types of transport, including the pack.
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Source of information and photo:
The team is wetting.
B.A. Garf. Bezengyan gorge. - Moscow: State Publishing House of Geographical Literature, 1952.
A.F. Naumov. Central Caucasus. - Moscow: "Physical Education and Sport", 1967.
http://www.sk-greta.ru/
Bush I. A. Glaciers of the Western Caucasus. Notes of the Russian Geographical Society for General Geography. T. XXXIII. №4, 1905,
Dictionary of modern geographical names / under the general edited by Acad. V. M. Kotlyakova. - Ekaterinburg: Y-Factoria, 2006.
Around Elbrus. Tourist route card (M. 1: 100 000). Pyatigorsk: Sev.-Kav. AGP 1992. Roskartography 1992, 1999 (with a more detailed description)
http://www.anapacity.com/bitva-za-kavkaz/glavnyj-kavkazskiy-hrebet.html.
Topographic map K-38-13. - Hugk USSR, 1984.
Wikipedia website.
Oposhko O. L. The transcendental front is Elbrusya. - M.: Milivdat, 1976. - 152 p. - (Heroic past of our Motherland). - 65,000 copies.
Beroev B. M. Elbrusye: Essays of Nature. Chronicle of the conquest of Elbrus. Tourist routes. - M.: ProfiSdat, 1984. - 208 p. - (One hundred ways is a hundred roads). - 97 500 copies.
http://ii1.photocentra.ru/
http://photosight.ru/
Geographical position. On a huge variety of black and the Caspian seas, from Tamansky to the Absheron Peninsula are located majestic mountains Big Caucasus.
North Caucasus - This is the most southern part of the Russian territory. According to the ridges of the main, or water-chip, the Caucasus ridge passes the border of the Russian Federation with the countries of the Transcaucasus.
From the Russian plain, the Caucasus is separated by the Kum-Manic Wpadin, on the site of which in the middle-customer time there was a sea strait.
The North Caucasus is an area located on the boundary of moderate and subtropical belts.
The Nature of this territory is often used by the epithet "most-sufficient". The latitudinal explanation is replaced here by vertical zonality. For a resident of the Mountain of the Caucasus Mountain - a vivid example of "multi-storey ™" nature.
Remember where it is located and what is called the extreme southern point of Russia.
Nature features North Caucasus . Caucasus - a young mountain structure formed during the Alpine Folding. The Caucasus includes: Pre-Bukcazier, Big Caucasus and Transcaucasia. Russia includes only the predfacase and the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus.
Fig. 92. Caucasus orographic scheme
Often the big Caucasus represent as a single ridge. In fact, this is a system of mountain ranges. From the Black Sea coast to Mount Elbrus, the West Caucasus is located, from Elbrus to Kazbek - Central Caucasus, east of Kazbek to the Caspian Sea - East Caucasus. In the longitudinal direction, an axial zone is highlighted, occupied by water-seed (main) and side ridges.
The northern slopes of the Big Caucasus form the ridges rocky and pasture. They have a kousty structure - this is the ridges, which have one slope shallow, and the other is cool turning. The reason for the formation of the coesting of the reservoir of the reservoirs, isolated by different rocks.
The Western Caucasus chains begin near the Taman Peninsula. Initially, it is not even a mountain, but hills with soft outlines. They increase when driving to the east. Mountain Fisht (2867 m) and Oshten (2808 m) - the highest parts of the West Caucasus - covered with snowflakes and glaciers.
The highest and grandiose part of the entire mountain system is the Central Caucasus. Here, even passes reach a height of 3000 m, only one pass - a crusade on Military Georgian Road - Lies at an altitude of 2379 m.
In the Central Caucasus there are the highest peaks - double-headed Elbrus, extinct volcano, the highest peak of Russia (5642 m), and Kazbek (5033 m).
The eastern part of the Grand Caucasus is mainly numerous ridges Mountain Dagestan (translated - the country of the mountains).
Fig. 93. Mount Elbrus
In the structure of the North Caucasus, various tectonic structures took part. In the south there are folded-bully mountains and the foothills of the Greater Caucasus. This is part of the alpine geosynclinal zone.
The oscillations of the earth's cortex were accompanied by bends of globe, their stretching, faults, breaking. According to the resulting cracks from large depths to the surface, a magma was poured, which led to the formation of numerous ore deposits.
Raise in the last geological periods - non -ogenic and quaternary - turned a large Caucasus to a high-mountainous country. The rise in the axial part of the Greater Caucasus was accompanied by intensive lowering of earthly layers on the edges of the emerging mountain range. This led to the formation of foothill brains: in the west of the Indolo-Kuban and the East of the Terek-Caspian.
The complex history of the geological development of the region is the reason for the wealth of the subsoil of the Caucasus by various minerals. The main wealth of the predfabcasia is the oil and gas field. In the central part of the Greater Caucasus, polymetallic ores, tungsten, copper, mercury, molybdenum are mined.
In the mountains and foothills of the North Caucasus there is a lot mineral sourceswho were close to the resorts that have long been worldwide famous - Kislovodsk, Mineral water, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk, Matsesta. Sources are varied by chemical composition, temperature and extraordinarily useful.
Fig. 94. Geological structure North Caucasus
The geographical position of the North Caucasus in the south of the moderate belt determines its soft, warm climate, transitional from moderate to subtropical. Here passes the parallel 45 ° C. Sh., that is, this territory is equivalent to both from the equator and from the pole. Such a situation causes the resulting amount of solar heat: in the summer, 17-18 kcal per square centimeter, which is 1.5 times more than the average of Russia receives on average. With the exception of the highland climate in the North Caucasus, soft, warm, on the plains The average temperature of July everywhere exceeds 20 ° C, and the summer continues from 4.5 to 5.5 months. The average temperatures of January fluctuate from -10 to + 6 ° C, and winter lasts only two or three months. In the North Caucasus there is a city of Sochi, where the warmest winter in Russia with the January temperature + 6.1 ° C.
I define on the map, whether there are any obstacles on the path of the Arctic air masses in the foothill part of the North Caucasus, tropical. What are the atmospheric fronts go around this area? Analyze on the cards, how precipitates are distributed in the North Caucasus, explain the reasons for such a distribution.
The abundance of heat and light allows the vegetation of the North Caucasus to develop in the north of the district for seven months, in the predfaccise - eight, and on Black Sea coast, South of Gelendzhik, - until 11 months. This means that with the corresponding selection of cultures here you can receive two crops per year.
The North Caucasus is characterized by a very complex circulation of a variety of air masses. Various air masses can penetrate this area.
The main source of moisture for the North Caucasus is the Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, the western areas of the North Caucasus are distinguished by a large amount of precipitation. Annual precipitation in pre mountainous areas In the West, equals 380-520 mm, and in the east, in the Caspiani, - 220-250 mm. Therefore, in the east of the region, there are often drought and sukhov. At the same time, they are often accompanied by dust, or black, storms. The storms occur in the spring when the upper layers of drying soil are still weakly bonded by recently asking plants, blown away with a strong wind. The dust of the cloud rises into the air, the insidious sky and the sun.
Measures to combat black storms - properly planned forest structures and high agrotechnics. However, so far, because of the black storms, it is necessary to reconstruct (severly s) for several tens of thousands of hectares, from which the most fertile layer of soil is demolished during dusty storms.
The climate is highly It is very different from the plains and foothill parts. The first important difference is that much more precipitation falls in the mountains: at an altitude of 2000 m - 2500-2600 mm per year. This is due to the fact that the mountains are delayed by air masses, make them rise up. The air is cooled at the same time and gives its moisture.
The second difference between the climate is highly - a decrease in the duration of the warm season due to lowering the air temperature with a height. Already at an altitude of 2700 m on the northern slopes and at an altitude of 3800 m in the Central Caucasus there is a snow line, or the border " eternal ice" At an altitude of over 4000 m, even in July, positive temperatures are very rare.
Remember what magnitude the air temperature is reduced when the temperature is reduced to every 100 m. Consider how much air is cooled when the height is 4000 m, if its temperature at the surface of the earth is +20 ° C. What happens from the moisture contained in the air?
In the mountains of the West Caucasus because of the abundance of precipitation during the winter, a four-five-meter layer of snow accumulates, and in the mountain valleys, where it is blown away by the wind - up to 10-12 m. The abundance of snow in the winter leads to the formation of snow avalanches. Sometimes there is enough one embarrassing movement, even a sharp sound, so that the snow-bearing mass of snow flew down with a steep ledge, destroying everything in its path.
Explain why in the mountains of the eastern Caucasus is almost no snow avalante.
Think what differences will be observed in the change of altitude belts in the Western and Eastern slopes.
The third difference of the high-mountain climate is an amazing variety of places to the place due to the height of the mountains, the exposition of the slope, proximity or distance from the sea.
The fourth difference is the originality of atmospheric circulation. The cooled air from the highlightened is lowered down by relatively narrow intermore valleys. When lowering for every 100 m, the air heats up at about 1 ° C. Going down from a height of 2500 m, it heats up 25 ° C and becomes warm, even hot. So the local wind is formed - Feng. The hair dryers are especially frequent in the spring, when the intensity of the total circulation of air masses increases sharply. Unlike a hair dryer at the invasion of tight cold air, boron is formed (from Greek. Boreas - North, North Wind), strong cold downstream wind. Talking through the low ridges to the area with a warmer thin air, it heats up relatively little and with high speed "falls" along the lever slope. There is a boron predominantly in winter, where the mountain range is bordered by the sea or extensive reservoir. The Novorossiysk boron is widely known (Fig. 95). And yet the leading factor in climatic formation in the mountains, affecting all the other components of nature, is height leading to vertical zonality and climate, and natural zones.
Fig. 95. Education scheme of Novorossiysk Bora
The Rivers of the North Caucasus are numerous and just as relief and climate, are clearly divided into plain and mountainous. Especially numerous stormy mountain rivers, the main source of nutrition of which serve snow and glaciers during the melting period. The largest rivers - Kuban and Terek with their numerous tributaries, as well as originating the beginning of the Stavropol hill in the Big Egorlik and Kalaus. In the lower reaches of Kuban and Terek there are floats - extensive wetlands covered with reed and cane.
Fig. 96. High-rise lower Caucasus
The richness of the Caucasus is fertile soils. In the western part of the predfaccise, chernozems prevail, and in an eastern, more dry part - brown soils. The soil of the Black Sea coast is intensively used under the gardens, berries, vineyards. In the Sochi area there are the most northern tea plantations in the world.
In the mountains of the Big Caucasus, high-rise lower expression is clearly expressed. The lower belt is occupied by broader forests with an oak predominance. Above the forests of beech forests, which are moving with height first into mixed, and then in spruce-pic forests. The upper border of the forest is located at an altitude of 2000-2200 m. For her, on mountain meadow soils, lush subalpine meadows are located with thickets of Caucasian Rhododendron. They go to the low-alpine alpine meadows, followed by the highest mountain belt of snowballs and glaciers.
Questions and tasks
- On the example of the North Caucasus show influence geographic location territory on the features of her nature.
- Tell us about the formation of the modern relief of the Greater Caucasus.
- On the contour map. Recognize main geographical objects district, mineral deposits.
- Give the climate characteristic of the Greater Caucasus, explain what the climate of the footburn from the highlighted areas is different.
Caucasian Mountains - Great section between Europe and Asia. The Caucasus is a narrow strip of sushi between the Black and Caspian seas. It amazes an incredible variety of climate, flora and fauna.
The pride of the Caucasus is his mountains! Without the mountains, the Caucasus is not Caucasus. Mountains are unique, majestic and impregnable. The Caucasus is amazingly beautiful. He is so different. On the mountains you can watch for hours.
The mountain range of the Grand Caucasus is a lot of pastures, forests, as well as amazing wonders of nature. More than 2 thousand glaciers are descended by narrow gorges. A large mountain chain is almost one and a half thousand kilometers from the North-West to the southeast. The main vertices exceed 5 thousand meters and significantly affect the weather in the regions. The clouds that are formed over the Black Sea are shed with rains, praising on the mountain peaks of the Caucasus. On the one hand, the ridge is severe landscape, and on the other - stormy vegetation. Here you can meet more than 6 and a half thousand species of plants, a quarter of which, not to find anywhere else in the world.
There are many legends about the origin of the Caucasian Mountains:
Long ago, when the Earth was still very young, a huge plain extended on the site of the modern territory of the Caucasus. They lived here in the world and love huge nurts narnts. They were kind and prudent, happily met and day and night, did not know any evil, nor envy, no cunning. The ruler of this people was the gray-haired Giant Elbrus, and he had a wonderful son Beshtau, and his son had a charming bride, beautiful Mashuki. But they had an evil envious - Korean. And he decided to harm nases. He prepared a terrible potion, in which the wolf teeth mixed, the kabana's tongue and the snake's eyes. On a big holiday, he poured the potion in all drinks of narts. And, having drank it, they acquired the greed of boar, the anger of the wolf and the cunning of the snake. And since that time, the happy and carefree life of narts. He decided to beat off his son with his son a young bride and sending him to hunt, wanted to marry Mashuki forcibly. But Mashuki Elbrus resisted. And in the evil battle she lost her wedding ring. I saw Ring Beshtau and hurried to the aid of the bride. And a terrible battle has not faced a not for life, but to death, and half of the nurses fought on the side of Elbrus, and the other half - on the side of Beshtau. And the battle lasted for several days and nights, and all the narts died. Elbrus pounded his son for five parts, and the son, causing the last blow, dismembered the father's gray head into two halves. Mashuki came out after the battle on the battlefield and did not see any living soul. She approached his beloved and looked like a dagger in his heart. So the life of the Great and Old People was stopped.
And at this point now the Caucasian Mountains are now towers: the helmet from Beshtau - the Mountain of the Iron, the ring of Mashuki - the Ring Mountain, five vertices - Mount Beshtau, near the mountain Mashuk and far and far away from others - the gray-haired or just snow-free Handsome Elbrus.
Caucasian Mountains - result of convergence of two plates
Let's look at one of the most narrow seats of this grandiose mountain belt. His northern outskirts, in the predfaccise, are placed areas that belong to a solid coil, called Scythian. Next, sub-luminous (ie, stretching from about from the west to the east) of the Mount of the Big Caucasus to 5 km high, narrow cavocal depressions - Rionan and Kurinskaya lowland - and also subshir, but convex to the north mountain chains Small Caucasus in Georgia, Armenia, East Turkey and West Iran (up to 5 km high).
The south of the plains of North Arabia, which, as well as the balance of the Westerns, belong to the very strong, monolithic Arabian lithospheric plate.
Therefore, Scythian and Arabian plates - It's like two parts of giant vice, which slowly get closer, crushing everything that is located between them. It is curious that directly against the northern, relatively narrow end of the Arabian Plate, in East Turkey and West Iran, are the highest mountains compared to the mountains located west and east. They take up just in the place where the Arabian stove, as a solid wedge, the most severely squeezed fuel deposits.
Caucasian Mountains
The Caucasus Mountains are located on the variety of Caspian and Black Seas. From the Eastern European Plain, the Caucasus separates Kuro-Manic Wpadina. The territory of the Caucasus can be divided into several parts: the Predog Caucasus, the Big Caucasus and the Transcaucasus. On the territory of the Russian Federation only the Pre-Based and northern part Big Caucasus. The last two parts together are called the North Caucasus. However, for Russia, this part of the territory is the most southern. Here, on the ridge of the Main Ridge, the State Border of the Russian Federation is held, followed by Georgia and Azerbaijan. The entire Caucasian ridge system covers an area of \u200b\u200bapproximately 2600 m2, and it takes it about 1450 m2, while southern only about 1150 m2.
North Caucasian Mountains are relatively young. The relief of them was created by different tectonic structures. In the southern part, folded-boulder mountains and the foothills of the Greater Caucasus are located. They were formed when filling in deep deflection zones with sedimentary and volcanic rocks, which later underwent folding. Tectonic processes here were accompanied by significant bends, stretching, breaking and fault faults. As a result of this, a large amount of magma was poured on the surface (this led to the formation of significant ore deposits). Raises that happened here in the non -ogenic and quaternary periods led to the elevation of the surface and the similarity of the relief that exists today. The rise of the central part of the Greater Caucasus was accompanied by lowering the layers at the edges of the resulting ridge. So in the east, the Terek-Caspian deflection was formed, and in the west of Indo-Kubansky.
Often, the big Caucasus represent as the only ridge. In fact, this is a whole system of various ridges that can be divided into several parts. The Western Caucasus is located from the Black Sea coast to Mount Elbrus, then (from Elbrus to Kazbeka) follows the Central Caucasus, and east of Kazbek to the Caspian Sea - the East Caucasus. In addition, two ridges can be distinguished in the longitudinal direction: water-generable (sometimes called it mainly) and side. On the northern slope of the Caucasus, the rocky and pasture ridges are distinguished, as well as Black Mountains. They were formed as a result of the searches of the reservoirs, isolated from different solidity of sedimentary rocks. One slope of the ridge here is flat, and the other breaks down quite sharply. As the axial zone removes the height of the mountain ranges decreases.
The chain of the Western Caucasus begins at the Taman Peninsula. At the very beginning, it is rather not even the mountains, but the hills. They begin to rise to the east. The highest parts of the North Caucasus are covered with snow caps and glaciers. The highest peaks of the Western Caucasus are Fisht Mountains (2870 meters) and Oshten (2810 meters). The highest part of the Mining System of the Big Caucasus is the Central Caucasus. Even some passes at this point reach a height of 3 thousand meters, and the lowest of them (crusad) lies at an altitude of 2380 meters. Here are the highest peaks of the Caucasus. For example, the height of the Kazbek Mountain is 5033 meters, and the two-headed extinct Volcano Elbrus is at all high vertex Russia.
The relief here is very disseminated: sharp crests prevail, steep slopes and rocky peaks. The eastern part of the Big Caucasus is mainly numerous ridges of Dagestan (translated the name of this region means "mountainous country"). There are complex branched ridges with steep slopes and deep canyon-shaped river valleys. However, the height of the vertices is less here than in the central part of the mining system, but still they exceed the height of 4 thousand meters. Raising the Caucasian mountains continues in our time. Pretty frequent earthquakes in this region of Russia are connected with this. To the north of the Central Caucasus, where the magma rising in the crack cracks did not pour into the surface, they were formed low, the so-called island mountains. The largest of them are Beshtau (1400 meters) and Mashuk (993 meters). Numerous sources of mineral waters are located at their base.
The so-called Precaucasis is occupied by the Kubanskaya and Terek-Kum lowland. They are separated from each other, the Stavropol elevation, the height of which is 700-800 meters. Stavropol elevation is dismembered by wide and deep embedded valleys, beams and ravines. Based on this site, a young stove lies. The structure is made up of non -ogenic formations covered with limestone deposits - lessisa and lessoidal sublinks, and in the eastern part of the marine sediments of the Quaternary period. Climate regime on this territory is quite favorable. Pretty high mountains serve as a good obstacle for penetrating cold air here. Also affects the proximity of a long cooling sea. The Big Caucasus is the boundary between two climatic belts - subtropical and moderate. In the Russian territory, the climate is still moderate, but the above factors contribute to quite high temperatures.
The Caucasus Mountains as a result of the winter in the predfaccasia are sufficiently warm (the average temperature in January is about -5 ° C). This is facilitated by the warm air masses incoming from the Atlantic Ocean. On the Black Sea coast, the temperature is rarely lowered below the zero mark (the average temperature of January 3 ° C). In mountainous areas, the temperature naturally below. So, the average temperature on the plain in the summer is about 25 ° C, and in the upper reaches of the mountains - 0 ° C. The precipitation on this territory is mainly due to cyclone coming from the West, as a result of which their amount to the east gradually decreases.
Most of the precipitation falls on the southwestern slopes of the Big Caucasus. Their number at the Kubansky Plain is about 7 times lower. In the mountains of the North Caucasus, an olelion is developed, in the area of \u200b\u200bwhich this area ranks first among all areas of Russia. The rivers flowing here are powered by water formed by melting glaciers. The largest Caucasian rivers are Kuban and Terek, as well as their numerous tributaries. Mountain rivers, as usual, are fleeting, and in their lower reaches there are wetlands of crumpled reed and cane.
The mountains of the Grand Caucasus are located between the Black and Caspian seas, from Taman to the Absheron Peninsula. From the Russian Plain, the Caucasus is separated by Kuro - Manic Wpadin, in the place of which in the distant past there was a strait that connected the Black Sea and Caspian marine pools. The Caucasus includes the Caucasus, the Big Caucasus and the Transcaucasus. Russia includes only the predfacase and the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus. These parts are called the North Caucasus together.
Orographic map of the Caucasus. The orography of the Big Caucasus is rather complicated, but individual elements can clearly be isolated. From the North-West, the large Caucasus can be divided into three parts: Western, Central and Eastern Caucasus. The boundaries between them make up Elbrus and Kazbek.
The Central Caucasus has the highest height exceeding the m. About 15 its vertices are covered with eternal snow and glaciers. This is the highest and hard-to-reach area of \u200b\u200bEurope and Malaya Asia. At the Greater Caucasus, four parallel ridges that have northwestern orientation are clearly expressed. The axial range of the Grand Caucasus is the main or waterproof ridge.
The highest mountain of the Caucasus is Elbrus. The height of the Western Vertine M, Eastern M ... And in their circle, the colossus is double-headed, in a chipped icy, Elbrus is a huge, magnificent Bell in the sky blue. A.S. Pushkin
Mount Elbrus with two vertices formed about a million years ago. It is also called double-headed mountain. The first, after the eruptions, the top appeared in the West, and after the east. The distance between the vertices is 1.5 km away. Elbrus is covered with snow and ice, which determines the weather and climate of a significant area. Glaciers are only 77, their area is 144.5 km 2.
For the first time, a man rose to the top of Elbrus in 1829, the Kealar Hashirov, who was a conductor of the expedition of the Russian Academy of Sciences, became the pioneer. And the first person who conquered two vertices at once, was the Balkan Hunter and Shepherd Achia Sathtaev. A man for his long life visited the great grief nine times. For the first time he climbed at her at the age of forty years, he committed the last ascent in 1909, when he was one hundred and twenty-one.
The beauty of the Caucasian mountains chased poets. Caucasus under me. One in the embroidery stands over the snow at the edge of the edge; Eagle, with a remote rising vertices, steak motionless with me on a par. I see the lot flows and the first formidable collapse of the movement. Here clouds humbly go under me; Through them, overthrowing, noisy waterfalls; Under them cliffs are naked communities; There below the moss is skinny, dry shrub; And there are already groves, green senses, where birds are twitched, where deer will jump. And there, people nest in the mountains, and crawl sheeps on gold swirling, and the shepherd descends to the cheerful valleys ... A.S. Pushkin Terek Warm, Dick and malicious, between the rocky rods, a bore crying is like, in tears splashes. But, on the steppe running around, he wokenly took a look and, bewildered, the sea of \u200b\u200bCaspiang, Gumsit: "Destroy, about an old man, Give the shelter my wave! I walked around at the square, to rest it would be time for me. I was born at Kazbek, swollen clouds, With a foreign power of man, he was always ready to argue. I, your son in fun, ruined my native Daryaal and Valunov, for glory, the flock of the whole drove. " M.Yu.Lermontov
The Caucasus climate is warm and soft, except for high spirits. In the mountains and foothills there are: a large amount of precipitation in the mountains. Reducing the duration of the warm season due to lowering the air temperature with a height, at an altitude of 3,800 m passes the border of the "Eternal Ice". The formation of avalanche due to abundant precipitation in winter. A variety of climate due to the exposure of the slope, the height of mountains, proximity or remoteness from the sea. The originality of atmospheric circulation, the formation of local winds of Four (dry, warm strong wind, imaginary blowing with high mountains In the valleys) and boron (a cold gusty wind, which occurs when the flow of cold air meets the hill in its path, overcoming which is condensed to the valley).
The Caucasian Rivers are divided into plain and mountainous. Especially numerous stormy mountain rivers, the main source of their nutrition serve melting waters of glaciers and snowfields in the mountains, so rivers are always cold. Only in the lower reaches such large rivers, like Kuban and Terek, have a calm current. Here are plans of extensive wetlands covered with reed and cane.
Terek originates on mountain top Zilgahoch in Georgia, flows into the Caspian Sea. The length of the river is 623 km, the pool area of \u200b\u200bKM 2. The main tributaries: Ardon, Malka, Urum and Suna. Topper Terek.
In the Caucasus Mountains, the lower belt is occupied by broader forests, the forests of beech are located above, which are moving into mixed, then in spruce-fir forests. The upper border of the forest is at the height of m. It is subalpine meadows, alpine meadows (in the photo), then a high-along belt, glaciers.
The vegetation of the Caucasus is characterized by the wealth of species composition and manifold. The number of plant species in the Caucasus is widespread different types of meadows and forests. The beech east, Caucasian Grab, Lipa Caucasian, Chestnut Noble, are also growing, there are also small evergreen trees and large shrubs - Samshat, Lavirovna, Rhododendron Pontic, some kinds of oak and klyona, wild persimmon, etc. The most important cultural plants of Caucasian subtropics tea bush and tangerines.
Animal world The fauna of the Caucasus, like its vegetation cover, is very diverse. In the Caucasus there are brown Caucasian bears, a lynx, a forest cat (found to a height of 2000 meters), in the mountains inhabited foxes, badgers, cunits, deers, roasted, boars, bison, sulfur, mountain goats (tours), minor rodents (forest sonia, vole). Spearfish shine, whistling frozards, eat cuckoo, cross the coats, busty from the stream of shakes, tapping about the bark of the stem. Owls fly, Filin, Skzorts, Crows, Schiegles, Kingfisher, Tits and other birds, and high in the mountains - Caucasian Tetherov and Mountain Turkey. You can also see large predators - Berkut and Laugher.
Interesting Facts In the North Caucasus there are Caucasian and Teberdinsky reserves. A unique flora is guarded here (TIS, Sugit, Walnut, Chestnut Noble) and Fauna (Tour, Serna, Caucasian deer, etc.). At the Greater Caucasus, modern glaciation is widespread. The number of glaciers exceeds 2000, the glaciation area is 1424 km 2. The Fisht Mountain Glacier (2857 m) is the most western and lowly located in the Caucasus. Last eruption of Elbrus happened 1500 years ago, but it is still not considered extluous volcano. The 2014 Winter Olympics will be held in the city of Sochi, located in the Krasnodar Territory. Already there is a construction of Olympic facilities and infrastructure. It is accompanied by protests of ecologists, afraid of the safety of the unique biosphere of the North Caucasus.
