Basic cargo air transport. Aviation transport. Airlines provided by airlines

Aviation transport - Type of transport that makes transportation of goods and passengers by air through aircraft: airplanes, helicopters, etc.; It helps the internationalization and globalization of all parties to human activity. Aviation transport is the most high-speed and most expensive type of transport.

Benefits :

Message speed;

Maneuverability and efficiency (especially in the organization of new routes);

Huge coverage of territories and water management;

The shortest way;

The ability to quickly redo the rolling stock when passenger traffic changes, incl. due to accidents on other types of transport;

Social savings due to acceleration of delivery;

Unlimited translucent capabilities (limited only by the power of the airfield);

Relatively small investments (1 km of the air route are about 30 times less than 1 km railway track).

Air transport functions are close with telecommunications features. Air transportation provide the most valuable (works of art, antiques, drag. Metals) and urgent cargo.

disadvantages : High cost of transportation (therefore is not cargo); Dependence on weather conditions.

Initially, air transport developed as a specialized agent passenger traffic. Currently, the share of freight traffic is increasing. This is due to the appearance of aircraft. more lifting capacity. There was a tendency to transport small batches of cargo. The cost of transportation can be reduced by reducing insurance, simplifying containers and packaging due to the lack of external influence. However, in the total volume, the share of cargo turnover of aviation transport is Mala. The functions of this type of transport are expanded depending on the introduction of NTP achievements. Gradually occurs the process of forming personal aircraft.

To specific areas of air transportation activities include: Installation of building high-rise structures, main gas and oil pipelines, LEP; road inspection; agricultural work; firefighting; Communication with remote and hard-to-reach areas; Skouring honey. help; transportation of mail; geological exploration; Aerial photography.

Air transport movement is carried out:

1. Strictly on schedule, which is associated with the complexity of the organization of the take-off landing on the runway;

2. According to the system of separation of each unit of the rolling stock of its corridor of motion, depending on the speed and lifting capacity of the aircraft.

Corridor movement - This is the estimated height of the flight and the coordinate system in the longitudinal and horizontal flight planes. The corridor system allows dispersal aircraft in the air. Flying tools are equipped with appropriate measurement systems and maintaining the height of the flight.

The rolling stock includes:

1. The devices are easier air (airships, balloons, aerostats, gliders);

2. The devices are heavier than air (aircraft, helicopters).

For the safe operation of air transport, complex infrastructure (service personnel, radar, telecommunications, complex ground-based equipment are required. Infrastructure in the infrastructure of the network of airports. The airport - This is a transport enterprise, carrying out the reception and sending passengers, baggage, cargo and mail, organization and maintenance of rolling stock flights. Airports are international, republican and local destination. Aerodrome - it's specially adapted land plot With a complex of structures and equipment to provide takeoff, landing, parking and maintenance. Airfields are basic, spare and basic.

Air transport enterprises are incorrect, but the air traffic control systems are not subject to. This is caused to a greater extent that the state is responsible for the safety of flights and the lives of people.

The operational activity of airports is also separated from the property and operational activities of airlines. At the same time, equal access of airlines to the infrastructure of any airport and the free choice of airport for equal conditions for the competitive struggle of airlines are provided.

In the Soviet Union, the air transport developed very actively. In the 80s. Aeroflot was the largest airline of the world. In addition to servicing domestic trails, he supported communication with many foreign countries. Today, Russia is also one of the largest aviation powers. However, Aeroflot with the collapse of the USSR and the separation of a number of small independent airlines lost its leading position. In the 70s - early 80s. Aeroflot was equipped with modern aircraft, which is technically comparable to the best foreign counterparts. Nevertheless, starting from the second half of the 80s. The pace of update of the domestic park slowed sharply. During the economic crisis, this process has almost completely ceased, in connection with this, the main and urgent task of aviation transport of Russia is to replace the liner lifestyle with new machines.

In Russia, the most extended airways (800 thousand km). First of all, these are the tracks connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg with the cities of the Far East:

Moscow - Ekaterinburg - Novosibirsk - Irkutsk - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok;

Moscow - Novosibirsk - Irkutsk - Yakutsk - Magadan - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky;

St. Petersburg - Ekaterinburg - Novosibirsk - Irkutsk - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok;

St. Petersburg - Perm - Omsk - Novosibirsk - Irkutsk - Yakutsk - Magadan - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

The main centers of flights, where many aerotrases intersect are the largest cities of the country: Moscow and St. Petersburg, the resorts of the North Caucasus, as well as all major cities at the Moscow-Vladivostok Aviantly. In the regions of the Far North and the territories equal to it big role Helicopters play cargo and passengers. They deliver goods and passengers to oil and other production facilities, geological parties to their place of work, provide urgent medical care, etc.

Currently, Russia has over 1.3 million km of airlines. On its territory in the state register of airports for 2010, 232 airports were registered, 71 of them are international. Cargo turnover of aviation transport is 0.1%, passenger turnover - 30%. Our country has 46 airlines of various forms of ownership, of which 11 companies are large, with the volume of transportation of more than 1 million passengers per year. The largest airports on passenger traffic are: in Moscow - Domodedovo, Vnukovo, Sheremetyevo; in St. Petersburg - Pulkovo; in Yekaterinburg - Koltsovo; in Novosibirsk - Tolmachevo; in Krasnodar - Pashkovsky; In Sochi - Adler. Their passenger turnover was over 2 million passes.-km in 2011

Despite the fact that the Great Leonardo da Vinci lasted in 1483, designed the first aircraft, to rise into the sky, people could only three centuries later. And all started with windy wind balloons.

First aeronautics experience

The Mongolfier brothers together with the pilot of Jean-Frankos opened a new era in conquering air elements. Their baton prototype was not much different from modern models: the flight was possible due to the difference in the temperatures of warm gas in the sphere sphere and cold air outside. Successful experience was recorded in 1783.

Subsequently, repeated attempts were made to install the engine in the air balloon gondola, so as not to depend solely from the wind. But in 1901, Brazille Alberto Santos-Dormu was managed using a gasoline engine to fly on a cigar-like device over the surroundings of Paris. The distance of the flight at the time was only 11 km away.

And in 1914, the German Hans Berliner was able to fly from Berlin to the Urals. Gradually, the idea of \u200b\u200bballoons was pushed out bulky airships, capable of raising a lot of people on their board. Huge ships were able to cross the oceans and even fly around the earth. In particular, as the airship "Graf Zeppelin" did in 1929. In the future, these aircraft facilities found their use in military aviation.

Development of prototype Parachute

Individual security tools in the air have their own characteristics. With the task of making a decrease in more smoothly, the tissue dome is successfully coped, which was invented almost at one moment with a balloon - in 1783. So, Louis Sebastian Lenorman for demonstrating the possibilities of the dome design used ordinary beach umbrellas. True, he jumped only from a high tree.

Already in 1802, the height of 2400 meters was conquered by another Frenchman. In the middle of the 20th century, a federation of parachute sports was created, which gave impetus to the development of popular entertainment.

The appearance of the first helicopter

Modern helicopters are equipped with two screws with power sufficient to raise a height of several people or a large group of people. However, not at all times it was possible. In 1784, the French were able to build a helicopter, and later in more than half a century, Caleyu was even able to raise the device over the ground for a whole meter. At the beginning of the 20th century, the helicopter climbed to a height of two hundred meters, but was still uncontrollable and tied to land with cables. And only at the end of the 30s it turned out a vertical flight with the help of blades.

The Russian-American aircraft designer Igor Sikorsky distinguished himself, who was previously engaged in aircraft construction. Sikorsky built B. Russian Empire Two helicopters - in 1908 and 1909. The helicopter rose into the air, but was not strong enough to lift the pilot.

Blood aerodynamics

Free planning on air flow waves has become a reality after developing German Otto Liliental, who lived in the second half of the XIX century. However, the "Glader" invented them led to the death of their creator. About the inventions that destroyed their developers, read on our website. Only in 1896, American inventors modified the tail of the apparatus and built an easily managed glider. And already since the 30s of the XX century, these individual gliders have been introduced into mass production.

The first time they were used in the war, when it was necessary to break through to his ambush. Modern technologies have significantly improved the aerodynamic component of gliders, so that their use has become a separate type of tourism sport.

When the air snake became a plane

It is these "naive" fleeting devices at first the brothers Wright were first industrialed. But as the story showed, this passion was the foresight of the invention of real aircraft. In 1903, the internal combustion engine in the Flyer airplane motor has reached a flight speed of 3 m / s. A few more dozen years and this accomplishment will be surpassed repeatedly, and the aircraft will become air transport 1. In this case, the aircraft will lose its screw and will become reactive. Since the reactive thrust allows you to develop a speed of over 700 km / h. The first such engine is the legendary "Junkers" released by German developers from BMW in 1938.

A few later technology will take advantage of all the advanced countries of the world. On the this moment The development of technical progress led to the fact that in 2004, NASA designed the unmanned vehicle, capable of developing speed 3 km / s. Thus, you can soon expect the appearance of passenger rakequets.

Heavy aircraft in the world

If we talk about modern aircraft industry in Russia, then it is necessary to start from the distant 1910, when the Biplane "Russia-A" was released for the first time, designed on the basis of the French construction. A few years later, the name of Yana Nurendsky will be loud: it is precisely for him to be considered an attitude of the most complex Arctic aviation.

Of the most high-profile accomplishments of domestic aviation, the grand achievement of the Soviet plant named after Antonov should be noted. It was here that in the late 80s was designed the largest passenger aircraft called "Mriya" (per. With UKR. Yaz. - "Dream"). Load capacity of this colossal superheavy aircraft still can not exceed a single aircraft. The creation of heavyweight aircraft was associated with the development space Program Great Power.

The biggest and heavy aircraft in the world - "Mriya"

People from nature do not have their own wings, however there is much more - the ability to dream and embody your dreams into reality. We invite you to learn about the fastest aircraft in the history of mankind.
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Currently, the concepts of aviation and air transport actually became synonymous, as air carriers are carried out exclusively by air courts heavier than air. (7)

Characteristic:

b Vehicles: Airplanes and helicopters

b paths: Air corridors

b Alarm and Control: Aviamata, Dispatcher Service

b Transport nodes: airports

Air transport, one of the types of transport that carries out the transport of passengers, mail and cargo by air through. The main advantage of its advantage is to ensure a significant time savings due to high flight speed.

Air transport is characterized by a smaller magnitude of constant costs compared with railways, water transport or pipelines. The constant costs of air transport include the cost of buying aircraft and, if necessary, special equipment of cargo receptacle and containers. Cost variable costs include kerosene costs, aircraft maintenance and factories of flight and terrestrial personnel.

Since very large open spaces are needed to accommodate airports, the air transport is usually not combined into a single system with other types of transport, with the exception of the automotive.

Air transport transport a wide variety of cargo. The main feature of this type of transport is that they are used to deliver goods mainly in the event of an emergency, and not on a regular basis. Thus, the main goods transported by air transport - either expensive, or perishable goods when high transportation costs are justified. Potential objects of freight air transportation are also such traditional products for logistics operations, such as assembly parts and components, goods sold by post directories.

Air transport ranks third in terms of passenger traffic. It is also used in the national economy for the transport of urgent cargo, during the construction of pipelines, bridges, LPP, in carrying out work for agriculture, geological exploration, fisheries. The level of operation of air transport is an indicator of the degree of scientific and technical potential of the country. In recent years, the pace of development of air transport has slowed. Currently, the technical staffing of the ground base is 60%, and at the aircraft complexes - no more than 30%. Depreciation of fixed assets is estimated at 70%. Therefore, it is necessary to more intensively finance the air transport complex to not be left without it soon, and our famous design bureaus state orders is necessary to stimulate.

In the transport system modern Russia Air transport, which is the basis of civil aviation, is one of the main species. In its overall work, the carriage of passengers is 4/5, and cargo and mail - 1/5. The largest number of passengers are transported on airlines connecting Moscow with eastern districts, St. Petersburg, resort areas and with the capitals of the CIS countries. In such cities like Tashkent, Novosibirsk, Sochi, 60-70% of Moscow passengers are delivered by airplanes, and in Khabarovsk and Ashgabat - up to 90%.

In Russia, aviation is the most expensive type of transport, but at the same time the fastest. The first airline in Russia was opened in 1923 (Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod). Currently, a widely developed network of airlines connecting the most important industrial centers of the country, as well as the capital of Russia - Moscow - with the capitals of the CIS countries, capitals and cities of many states of the world. Airs developed between large cities and resorts.

A special role is played by air transport for the underdeveloped areas of Siberia and the Far East, where he, together with seasonal river transport, is often the only means of the message. The most massive and sustainable passenger flows are concentrated on airlines from Moscow in five main areas: Caucasian, South, East, Central Asian and Western. Air transport is transporting passengers in parallel almost all major railways. In this case air transport more railway on lines from Moscow to Yekaterinburg and Novosibirsk and on the east, as well as from Moscow to Sochi, Mineral Water., capitals of the CIS countries. The main streams of citizens are concentrated in Eastern (Siberia and the Far East) direction.

Air transport in our country performs various functions. However, its main task is passenger transportation and urgent transportation of postal and cargo.

In areas where there are no railways, primarily in the north of Siberia and the Far East, in hard to reach mountainous areas Aviation often serves as the only vehicle.

aviation Transport Environment

Created branched network transit (over long distances) and local airlines. Moscow is connected by Airlines with the capitals of neighboring countries, centers of republics, edges, regions and major cities of the Russian Federation. Direct air report installed with 87 foreign countries. In the system of international air airlines, our country has air lines, which are operated by Aeroflot together with foreign airlines. (7)

Due to the size of Russia's territory, air transport owns a special role in ensuring transport accessibility Regions I. settlements. The main areas of air transport use are internal and international transportation of passengers for long distances, shipping urgent and expensive cargo, as well as transport services of territories devoid of other types of transport. Of great importance, air transport has in agriculture, forestry, geological and exploration and rescue work, in polar expeditions, meteorology, construction, etc.

Air transport has the following advantages:

The ability to significantly reduce the following path (the air lines are shorter in the direction of highways by 25%, river transport - by 40%);

High speed of shipping passengers and cargo;

Large mobility and autonomy of flights;

Almost complete lack of investments in travel work (requires 10-20 times less capital investments on the basis of new lines);

Safety movement above the car 2 times.

Disadvantages of air transport:

Severe dependence on weather conditions;

High cost of freight traffic (100 times higher than on railway);

Airplanes are significantly contaminated by the atmosphere. For 1 passenger kilometer, the plane throws 386 grams of harmful substances, a car - 12 grams, railway transport - 0.6 grams. For one transatlantic flight, the aircraft burns from 35 to 50 tons of oxygen - this is as much as the city consumes with a population of 15-20 thousand people during the year.

The condition and development of air transport affects many parties to socio-economic relations in the country, including on ensuring national security. The last decade clearly showed that there is a significant impact on the functioning of air transport, in addition to the state of the economy and the industry management system.
The nineties of the last century were for the air transport of Russia a kind of "black stripe." Thoughtless privatization B. civil aviation After the liquidation of the Ministry of Civil Aviation, the USSR led to the appearance of about 400 airlines in the world in the world in the world, many of which owned aircraft units. New airlines have fallen into unusual market conditions for them with tough competition. Heavy position in the economy of the country, unrestrained inflation led to a sharp rise in the cost of all resources and, as a result, to a sharp increase in tariffs for air transportation. Low salary, which was a consequence of shock therapy conducted in the country led to a limitation of the number of potential passengers and, as a result, to fall in air transportation volumes, which led to a significant change in the market for passenger transportation of the country. If in the 90s. The last century on the distance of transportation 1500 km in the total transport of railway and air transport, the share of air transport was approximately half and increased with an increase in the range, then the last decade, with a significant decrease in the total passenger traffic, the share of air transport decreased dramatically. However, after the decline in the 90s. Last century, air transport of Russia began to restore its volumes. In 2010, the passengers were transported by 45 million people, which is 9% more than 2009 indicator.

According to the settlements of the State Bank, the volume of passenger transportation on air transport in Russia for the period up to 2015 will increase and amount to 50 million people, and more than 62% will have to be transported on internal airlines. Apparently, the last conclusion is the share of transportation on the inner lines - is overestimated, since the transportation in international air lines increases with higher rates in higher rates.
In 2010, more than 180 operators were registered in the country, of which 15 companies perform 85% of air transportation. For normal operation of the airline, the aircraft park is important at its disposal. Of the total airlines, about 80 airlines have a park from 5 to 10 ships and about 60 airlines or almost 30% has less than 5 ships at their disposal. Small airlines do not have financial resources for their development, therefore, do not have prospects for successful competing on the market.

The growth of air transportation, outlined in Russia in recent years, turned out to be higher than this was predicted in the federal program "Modernization of the Transport System of Russia". The positive result of the growth of air transportation coincides with the other unpleasant fact-growing pace of write-off in airlines of the park of aircraft and helicopters. The park, which is exploited by the airline of Russia, went to them in the early 90s. When privatization, and these are aircraft and helicopters designed in 70-80. The last century and so far outdated and morally and physically.
Outdated airframe requires its replacement. However, the serious financial position of most airlines does not give the latter the ability to make such a replacement. The acting airfield has developed its resource significantly.
The replenishment of the park with new aircraft of domestic production takes place in a particular order.

Currently, about 70% of passenger turnover is performed by domestic aircraft of the old generation, about 6% of the domestic aircraft of the new generation (IL-96, Tu-204, Tu-214, An-38) and 18% of foreign-made aircraft. In 1995, the acquisition of aircraft was discontinued at the budget. To stimulate the renewal of the Park by domestic aircraft of the new generation, with the support of the state, mechanisms of leasing and partial budget subsidies are implemented.

Introduced from April 1, 2004, the ban on flights to the airports of Europe of aircraft, which do not meet IKAO standards, led to the fact that almost 80% of the main aircraft located in the fleet of airlines of Russia, they fell to this ban. Of these, 15% can be improved by installing sound-absorbing structures.
According to experts by 2012, Russian airlines will require more than 200 trunk, 300 regional and 80 cargo aircraft.

Russia's air industry is in a rather difficult situation, since many years have practically absent orders for civil aviation equipment. KB and industry offer a wide range of aircraft and helicopters. Now it has shifted from a dead point - a mechanism for compensation was developed by airlines part of leasing payments, which made it possible to implement the first projects for leasing 20 new aircraft - IL-96, Tu-204 and Tu-214. Piece production not only does not provide needs russian airlinesBut also leads to an increase in the cost of manufactured products, and, as a result, to a decrease in the competitiveness of domestic producers.
Another problem area for Russian airlines is the state of ground infrastructure. Russia currently has 325 civil airports. These include 63 airports of federal significance, which practically form a supporting network of civil aviation, since they cover the entire territory of the country and ensure the needs of air transportation both within the country and with foreign countries of distant and neighboring countries. 70 airports were admitted to regular international transport. It should be noted that only 62% of Russia's airfields have runway with artificial coatings, the rest of the airfields have a soil runway. 70% run-down With artificial coatings were built more than 20 years ago and most of them require reconstruction. The growth of air transport in Russia, which is observed in the country in recent years, must be ensured by the relevant development of the ground production base.

So far, the insufficient equipment of airports in modern equipment, especially air-bodies and cargo complexes, leads to a violation of the technological process of transportation, a decrease in the comfort and quality of service of passengers, a violation of storage time, and cargo delivery. There are only 40-45 airports with profits. The overwhelming part works either with losses, or barely reduces the balance. The main cause of the low technical level of airports of Russia is an insufficient amount of investment in maintaining and developing airports.

In existing conditions, the main forms of state support of airports must be:

· Use of public-private partnership mechanisms;

· Creating conditions for increasing the share of airport income from non-aviation activities;

· Transmission on the terms of the concession of objects of airfield infrastructure, the development of an appropriate regulatory framework for the application of the concession mechanism.

One of the directions of improving airport business is the optimization of airport network. It is believed that a large number of international airports in the regions does not justify itself, since the status - international Airport - Requires to keep at this airport service financed from the federal budget: border guards, customs, SanEpidemstation, which, with small volumes of international transport, it does not always justify itself.

Experts believe that by 2012 in Russia there will be one or two major transfers of international nodes - hubs.
In addition, there must be 12-15 regional airports in which international transportation will develop, and several tens of airports local significancewhich may be owned by the subjects of the Russian Federation. Geographical position Russia allows you to create several hubs on your territory and intercept transit airflows. In the West, the first hubs were created in the 80s. The last century, which allowed the bandwidth of airports sharply, to reduce the time that spends the passenger to transfer to another flight, will increase the aircraft loading.
The main areas of socio-economic development of Russia for the long term emphasized the role of civil aviation in the transport complex. Ensuring the constitutional rights of citizens to freedom of movement, regardless of the place of residence, geographical features Russia, the geopolitical and state security of the state and, finally, the role of individual regions is unthinkable to solve without air transport available for the majority of the country's population, although at present the level of income of the majority of the country's population compared with the average tariffs on air transportation is extremely low. If in 1992 the average tariff was at the level of 27% of the average salary, then it is currently more than 150%. This affected the situation that once a massive type of transport - air - turned into an elite, which could take advantage of up to 5% of the population. Also negatively affects the operation of air transport, excess competition in the airline market, privatization and restriction of airline investment opportunities, is an excessive number of airports carrying out international transport, as this leads to irrational expenditure of budget money.
For the withdrawal of air transport from the crisis situation in which it turned out to be required for a number of areas that should include both the problems of the recovery of the air transportation market, the improvement of airport activities, state support for civil aviation activities.

To improve the air transport market, the main direction of air transport transformations should be called a reduction in the number of airlines. World experience shows that non-minor and not even average airlines are competitive, but the largest and largest of them, and even entered alliances. The number of air carriers in Russia is clearly redundant. Also should be drastically limited to bring to the commercial activities of subjects of state aviation.
The implementation of these areas will not only increase the commercial efficiency of airlines, but also increase their investment opportunities and improve the quality of customer service.

Improving airport activity has several directions. One of the first is the streamlining of property relations at airports. The property of airfields, not subject to privatization, should acquire the owner in the face of FUGP, which would give it to commercial structures. Foreign experience shows a positive result of creating large airport hubs, it is necessary to organizely decide on potential airports in the center and in the regions that may apply for the role of hub and provide them with state support. Similarly, to establish the criteria for classifying the airport to the category of international in order to determine the optimal amount of budget costs.
The practice of working foreign airports shows that they receive a significant proportion of income from not aviation activity. It makes sense to stimulate the development of this kind of direction of their activities at the airports.

Falling machines can be classified according to the following features:

1) from the appointment and field of use: passenger, freight, combined, special purpose, training;

2) by speed: subsonic and supersonic;

3) Depending on the length of a non-quitty flight, the number of passengers transported, the size and types of runways: local and main aircraft.

Airplane Park In 2010, there were 2,200 aircraft and 1190 helicopters. The park includes aircraft, the operation of which started 40-50 years ago. Among them, morally outdated regional aircraft and aircraft of local air lines Yak-40, An-24, Tu-134, An-26, An-2, as well as helicopters of the Mi-8 type, Mi-8MT. They are at least for generation behind the most perfect samples - An-74, An-32, An-38 and several generations are lagging behind foreign analogues by technical parameters, Equipped with engineering engines of the 70s. Due to the imperfection of onboard equipment, the enlarged crew composition and complexity of maintenance have increased, although even recently, the economic indicators of their use ensures the conditions of the Russian market. At the same time, on the replacement of the fleet of aircraft and helicopters, the domestic industries practically does not offer anything in return.

For a regional passenger park represented by the most obsolete types (AN-24, Tu-134, Yak-40, etc.), the share of aircraft temporarily derived from operation was roughly stable until 2007. In 2008 and the first half of 2009, it grew from 37% to 43%. The new generation aircraft as part of the park of regional and local aircraft are represented by IL-114 aircraft (2 units), An-38 (6 units), An-140 (2 units). In general, the proportion of idle regional aircraft is approximately 40-44%.

Requires a state solution to the problem of aircraft. The second side of this problem is to test the mechanism for the transfer of new aviation equipment to airlines, i.e. Leasing systems, as well as identify an economically acquitted mechanism for the withdrawal of aircraft equipment. Abroad in recent years has been successfully developed by the activities of low-budget airlines, which are energetically tested from the airline market traditional airlines. Apparently represents some interest, study this experience and introduce it into the practice of working regional airlines.

The length of air lines of domestic civil aviation is 800 thousand km, of which 200 thousand km are on the line of international air services.

Passenger traffic on air transport is formed under the influence of the following factors: the solvency of the population, the number and mobility of the population, the tariffs, the conditions of transportation, the proximity of the airports, the qualitative indicators of transportation, frequency of flights, the coherence of the schedule with other types of transport. Significant passenger traffic is characteristic eastern directionsconnecting Moscow, St. Petersburg, Sochi, Irkutsk, Kazan, Novosibirsk, Rostov-on-Don with Volga, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East.

Currently, the reconstruction of Sochi airports, Khabarovsk, Blagoveshchensk, Anadyr, Nalchik, Barnaul, Yekaterinburg, who will have to become hot airports to serve international air transportation.

To manage flights, the country is divided into areas of the dispatch service. In the airport area, motion control is carried out by the airport dispatch service).

A system is applied, which is a radar and computing complex. This complex gives automatic collection, processing and dispatcher issues the following information:

Coordinates of aircraft;

Their onboard numbers;

Specified and current height;

Flight speed;

The amount of fuel.

Transfer control of aircraft between adjacent sectors is automatically. Each aircraft establishes the height of the echelon, along which it is obliged to make a horizontal flight along the route. The height of the lower echelon should be at least 600 meters from the lowest point of the earth's landscape in the strip of 25 kilometers on both sides of the path line.

The analysis of the material and technical base of the air traffic organization shows that their equipped with automated systems and complexes of automation of air traffic controls is about 80% for district centers, and more than 57% for airfield-dispatch centers. There are more than 2000 radar and radio navigation tools on operation. The development of service life in 2010 is an average of about 70%. A federal air navigation service created by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation is designed to solve issues of further development of the material and technical base of the Internal Affairs Directorate.

Air transportation work can be characterized by the following technical and economic indicators:

1) the volume of freight and passengers;

2) passenger turnover;

3) freight turnover;

5) aircraft performance - the ratio of the above-kilometers made by them on a plane in the clock

6) The average flight range of passengers is calculated by dividing the passenger-kilometers to the number of passengers sent.

In front of the air transport controls (Rosaviatsiya of the Ministry of Transport) for the coming years, the following tasks are set:

1. Creating conditions for increasing the competitiveness of Russian airlines in the international and domestic market of air transport.

2. Improving flight safety.

3. Creation of alternative fuel supply systems at airports.

4. Accelerating integration prodes between airlines.

5. Overcoming crisis phenomena with airlines with modern aircraft.

6. Revival of regional aviation.

7. Improving the efficiency of using federal property through the introduction of new management mechanisms.

8. Improving the field training system.

Discipline: "Commercial Transport Support

Activities »

Topic number 5-1: Air and pipeline

TRANSPORT

Kemerovo

Questions considered at lectures:

1. Features of air transport.

2. Features of pipeline transport.

3. Indicators of operation of air transport.

4. Problems of the development of pipeline transport.

Features of air transport

Russian transport of Russia plays a significant role in passenger traffic. A significant role of air transport in the carriage of passengers is due to long transportation distances, insufficient development of transport infrastructure in some parts of the country, especially in the East.

The main technical and economic features of air transport in passenger traffic are:

High speed of shipping passengers and cargo;

Maneuverability and efficiency in the organization of passenger traffic;

The ability to quickly redo the rolling stock with a change in passenger traffic, including due to accidents on other types of transport;

Large non-day flight range (about 10,000 km);

Social savings due to acceleration of delivery;

Relatively small capital investments (for 1 km of the air route of about 30 times less than 1 km of the railway track);

Shorter ranges of air routes compared to passenger routes on other types of transport (in some directions they are 25% shorter than on rail transport and by 50% - than on the sea and river; Between some items, the distance is reduced by 2-3 times).

Relative shortcomings of air transport:

High cost of transportation, so aviation transport is not a cargo;

Dependence on weather-climatic conditions.

Air transport is transported by a relatively small amount of cargo, but these are valuable and requiring particular shipping goods - medicines, humanitarian aid, perishable goods, valuable metals, mail, as well as food and industrial products for hard-to-reach areas. Aerial transport also performs some work in the national economy, for example, air humiliates on an area of \u200b\u200bnearly 5 million hectares of sowing areas, fresher, etc.

The technology of air transport has its own characteristics. Movement is carried out:

Strictly on schedule, which is associated with the complexity of the organization of take-off at the airfield field;

According to the separation system of each unit of the rolling stock of the corridor of motion, depending, first of all, from the speed and carrying capacity of the aircraft.

Motion corridor is the estimated height of the flight and the coordinate system in the longitudinal and horizontal flight planes. The corridor system allows you to dispel the aircraft in the air to eliminate their collision. Falling devices are equipped with appropriate measurement systems and maintain the height of the flight.

It is planned a new trend abroad - transportation of small batches of cargo (so-called parcels) by air transport. The cost of transportation can be reduced by reducing insurance (theft, loss and damage to air transport are much less frequently than on terrestrial modes of transport), simplifying containers and packaging due to the lack of external influence.

Problems and trends in the development of air transport multifaceted. The main problem is to increase the speed of movement (today the speed of 2500 km / h is reached). It is important to create an aircraft of increased passenger capacity (so-called airbones) and carrying capacity, especially for long-range routes (for example, IL-86 accommodates up to 350 people, and Boeing - up to 530 people; cargo planes Maximum raise 250 tons (An-225 "Maria"). In order to reduce airport area, the creation of a short and vertical take-off aircraft for civil aviation is required (they exist in military aviation since 1969). Increasing the strength of the runway also remains a big problem due to significant loads and temperatures. The creation of aircraft with automation means, providing a rise-landing in any weather in various conditions of visibility (so-called all-weather), will allow to expand the competitive opportunities of air transport and improve the quality of passenger service. An increase in fuel efficiency is required due to the increase in mass and speed. The solution to this problem will allow not to raise the tariff for transportation. We need to develop fundamentally new aerobatic systems and air transport control systems in the airport zone; It requires the creation of an aircraft service system in the airport; It is necessary to increase the level of service of passengers, including the introduction of automated tickets for the sale of tickets and transportation of baggage, and most importantly - improving the safety of movement, which will create more passenger service opportunities, will allow compete with other types of transport and will help reduce the cost of time for movement.

The main types of civil aviation aircraft fly at a speed of 900-1100 km / h at long distances and up to 500-700 km / h on medium. The transfer of high velocities from military aviation to civilian is complicated due to the high cost and overloads, which are experiencing a person at high speeds (military pilots take place special training).

Helicopters are capable of doing what is not under the usual aircraft: it is vertically taken away and land, hanging motionless in the air and unfold in place, moving forward-back, left-right. Lifting force creates one or more screws on the vertical axis. The main unit of helicopters is carrying the screw.

The technical equipment of air transport includes rolling stock and airports, including airfields.

The rolling stock of air transport includes aircraft, helicopters, airships, balloons, aerostats (stratostats) and gliders.

Airplanes take off and sit on aerodrome - Specially adapted land plot with a complex of structures and equipment to provide take-off, landing, parking and maintenance. Airfields are basic, spare and basic. To ensure the regularity and safety of flights, airfields are equipped with a complex of radio and lighting equipment. Helicopters for taking off and landing requires small platforms.

The airfield is included in the broader concept of the "Airport". The airport - This is a transport enterprise that takes the reception and sending passengers, baggage, cargo and mail, organization and maintenance of flights of rolling stock. The airport is a complex engineering complex of structures, buildings, technical equipment and equipment, which takes up to several thousand hectares of the territory.

Airports are divided into international (for example, Sheremetyevo-2), republican (Domodedovo and others) and local significance (tushino). Depending on the annual transportation of passengers, airports are divided into five classes. Major airports Peace can serve up to several tens of millions per year.