The length of the coastline of the Okhotsk Sea. Okhotsk Sea
Okhotsk Sea - Sea of \u200b\u200bPacific Ocean, separated from him by the Kamchatka peninsula, Kuril Islands And Hokkaido Island.
The sea is washes the coast of Russia and Japan.
Area - 1603 thousand km². Medium depth - 1780 m, the maximum depth - 3916 m. The western part of the sea is located above the gentle continuation of the continent and has a small depth. In the center of the sea there are depressions of Derjugin (in the south) and Wpadina Tingro. In the eastern part there is a Kuril's hollow, in which the depth is maximum.
Okhotsk Sea Map of the Far East 
In the chain of our Far Eastern seas, it occupies a median position, it is quite deeply going to the Asian mainland, and from the Pacific Ocean, the Arc of the Kuril Islands. Okhotsk Sea almost everywhere has natural frontiers and only in the south-west of Japanese Sea It is separated by the conventional lines: m. Southern - m. Tyk and in the Strait of Laperuz m. Krölon - m. Soy. The south-eastern border of the sea goes from m. Osappa (about Hokkaido) through the Kuril Islands to m. The blade (Kamchatka), while all the passages between about. Hokkaido and Kamchatka are included in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. Under these limits, the space of the sea extends from north to south from 62 ° 42 'up to 43 ° 43' s. sh. and from west to east from 134 ° 50 'to 164 ° 45' in. The sea is significantly stretched from the southwest to the northeast and expanded in about its central part.
General data, geography, islands
The Okhotsk Sea is one of the largest and deep seas of our country. Its area is equal to 1603 thousand km2, the volume of 1318 thousand km3, the average depth of 821 m, the highest depth of 3916 m. By geographical position, the predominant of depths to 500 m and significant spaces engaged in large depths, the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea of \u200b\u200bMixed continued Painted type.
There are few islands in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The largest bordered island - Sakhalin. The Kuril ridge has about 30 large, many small islands and rocks. The Kuril Islands are located in the belt of seismic activity, which includes more than 30 valid and 70 extinct volcanoes. Seismic activity is manifested in the islands and under water. In the latter case, waves of tsunami are formed. In addition to the above-mentioned "edge" islands in the sea, the islands of Shantarsky, Spafferov, Zavyalova, Yam's and small island of ions are located - the only one, removed from the shore.
With a high length, the coastal line is cut relatively weakly. At the same time, it forms several large bays (aniva, patience, Sakhalin, Academy, Tugursky, Ayan, Shelikhov) and lips (Uska, Tuyan, Giuginskaya and Penzhinskaya).
atsonopuri Volcano, ITUURUP, Kuril Islands 
From October to May - June The northern part of the sea is covered with ice. The southeastern part almost does not freeze.
The coast in the north is strongly cut, in the northeast Sea Okhotsk Located its largest bay - Shalikhov Bay. From the smallest bays of the northern part are the most famous for the most famous lip and shelving bays, Zabichka, Babushkin, Kekurn.
In the east, the coastline of the Kamchatka peninsula is practically devoid of bays. In the west, the coastline is strongly cut, forming the Sakhalin Bay and the Shartar Sea. In the south, the largest Aniva and patience are the bays, the Odessa Bay on the island of ITUURUP.
Fisheries (Salmon, Herring, Minttai, Moja, Navaga, etc.), seafood (Kamchatka crab).
Production of hydrocarbon raw materials on the shelf of Sakhalin.
River Amur, hunting, kitchen.
Okhotsk Sea Cape Giant, Sakhalin Island 
Main ports:
on the mainland - Magadan, Ayan, Okhotsk (portway); On the island of Sakhalin - Korsakov, on the Kuril Islands - North-Kurilsk.
The sea is located on the Okhotsk subpite, which is part of the Eurasian Plate. The bark is largely part of the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea of \u200b\u200bContinental Type.
The Sea Okhotsk is called the Hunt River, which in turn comes from Evensk. Oakat - "River". Earlier was called Lamb (from Evensk. Lam - "Sea"), as well as Kamchatsky Sea. The Japanese traditionally called this sea hockey (北海), literally "North Sea". But since now this name refers to North Sea. The Atlantic Ocean, then the name of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, they changed to Okhotsyuk-Kai (オホーツク 海), which is the adaptation of the Russian name to the norms of Japanese phonetics.
cape Chaniy Okhotsk Sea
Territorial mode
The waters of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk are inland water, the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone of two coastal states - Russia and Japan. In its international legal status, the Okhotsk Sea is closest to the semi-crumpled sea (Article 122 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea), since it is surrounded by two or more states and mainly consists of the territorial sea and the exceptional economic zone of two states, but is not, since Connected with the rest of the world's ocean is not the only narrow passage, but a number of passes.
In the central part of the sea at a distance of 200 nautical miles from the source lines, a plot stretched in the meridional direction, in the English-language literature traditionally referred to as Peanut Hole, which is not included in the exclusive economic zone and is open sea outside the jurisdiction of Russia; In particular, any country in the world has the right to pay fish and conduct other activities permitted by the UN convention on the sea, excluding the activity on the shelf. Since this region is an important element for reproducing a population of certain types of fishing fish, the governments of some countries directly prohibit their courts to lead fishing on this site.
On November 13-14, 2013, the subcommittee created under the UN Commission on the Borders of the Continental Shelf agreed with the arguments of the Russian delegation as part of the consideration of the Application of the Russian Federation on the recognition of the bottom of the open sea section by the continuation of the Russian continental shelf. On March 15, 2014, the 33 session of the Commission in 2014 adopted a positive decision on the Russian application, first submitted in 2001, and filed in the new edition in early 2013, and the central part of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk outside the exceptional economic zone of the Russian Federation was recognized Continental shelf of Russia.
Consequently, in the central part to other states is prohibited from the extraction of "sitting" biological resources (for example, crab) and the development of subsoil. On catching other bioresources, for example, fish, restrictions of the continental shelf do not apply. The consideration of the application was essentially possible thanks to the position of Japan, which was the official notewable of May 23, 2013 confirmed consent to the Commission of the essence of the application regardless of the decision of the Curil Islands. Okhotsk Sea 
Temperature and salting
In winter, the water temperature near the sea surface ranges from -1.8 to 2.0 ° C, the temperature rises to 10-18 ° C in summer.
Below the surface layer, at the depths of about 50-150 meters there is an intermediate cold layer of water, the temperature of which does not change during the year and is about -1.7 ° C.
The Pacific Ocean, entering the sea through the Curil Straits of the Pacific Ocean, form deep aqueous masses with a temperature of 2.5 - 2.7 ° C (at the bottom - 1.5-1.8 ° C). In coastal areas with a significant river flow, water has a temperature in winter around 0 ° C, in summer - 8-15 ° C.
Saltness of surface seawater - 32.8-33.8 ppm. The saline of the intermediate layer is 34.5. The deep water is salty 34.3 - 34.4. Coastal waters have salting less than 30.
RESCUE OPERATION
Incident in December 2010 - January 2011
Icebreaker "Krasin" (year of construction 1976), an analogue of the icebreaker "Admiral Makarov" (year of construction 1975) 
From December 30, 2010 to January 31, 2011, a rescue operation was conducted in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, which was widely covered in the media.
The Operation itself was large-scale, according to the Deputy Minister of Transport of Viktor Olemer and the head of Rosrybolovy and the Andrei Eltimate, rescue operations with such a scope were not carried out in Russia for 40 years.
The cost of the operation was within 150-250 million rubles, 6,600 tons of diesel fuel were spent on it.
15 vessels hit the ice captivity, on which there were about 700 people.
The operation was carried out by the icebreaking flotilla: Icebreakers Admiral Makarov and Krasin, Magadan icebreaker and Tanker "Victoria" worked as auxiliary vessels. The coordination headquarters of the rescue operation was in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, work was carried out under the leadership of Viktor Olemer's Deputy Transport Minister.
Most of the ships got on their own, the icebreakers aroused four vessels: the "Cape Elizabeth" trawler, the research vessel "Professor Kzewater" (the first half of January, Admiral Makarov), the Refrigerator "Coast of Hope" and the Floa Commonwealth.
The first help was provided to the Seinera "Cape Elizabeth", whose captain he led his vessel after the introduction of a ban on an approach to this area.
As a result, "Cape Elizabeth" wamps in the ice in the Zone of the Sakhalin Bay. Okhotsk Sea 
The second liberated vessel was "Professor Kizewter", the captain of which, according to the results of the investigation, was deprived of a diploma for six months.
In the area of \u200b\u200bJanuary 14, icebreakers collected together the remaining vessels that endure disaster, after that icebreakers carried out the wiring of both caravan courts on the coupling.
After the cliff, the "musty" "Commonwealth" it was decided to first spend through heavy ice refrigerator.
The wiring was suspended in the area of \u200b\u200bJanuary 20 due to weather conditions, but on January 24, it was possible to bring the refrigerator "Coast of Hope" on clean water.
On January 25, after the bunkering "Admiral Makarov" returned to the wiring of the floating.
On January 26, there was a breakdown of towing "mustache" again, it was necessary to lose time for the delivery of new helicopter.
On January 31, the Floa Base "Commonwealth" was also removed from the ice captivity, the operation ended at 11:00 to Vladivostok time.
Hokkaido Island
Hokkaido (Yap. "Governor of the North Sea"), previously known as Edzo, in the old Russian transcription of Jeso, Jesdo, Iedzo - the second largest island of Japan. Until 1859, Matsumae was also called on the name of the ruling feudal clan, who owned the castle city of Matsumae - in the old Russian transcription - Matsmai, Matsmay.
From the island of Honshu, the Sangan Strait separates him, however, between these islands under the seabed, Tunnel San is laid. The largest city Hokkaido and the administrative center of the eponymous prefecture - Sapporo. The north coast of the island is washed by the Cold Okhotsk Sea and addressed to the Pacific coast of the Far East of Russia. The territory of Hokkaido almost equally divides between mountains and plains. And the mountains are located in the center of the island and stretch the ridges from the north to south. SAMI high top - Mount Asahi (2290 m). In the western part of the island, on the Isicari River (length of 265 km), there is a valley with the same name, in the eastern part, along the River Tokati (156 km) - another valley. The southern part of Hokkaido forms the Osima Peninsula, separated by the Sangsko Strait from Honshu.
On the island there is an extreme eastern point of Japan - Cape Nosappu Saki. Also, it is located and the extreme northern point of Japan - Cape Soy.
cape Red, Islands three brothers 
Tshalehova Bay
Gulf of Shelikhova - the Bay of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk between the coast of Asia and the base of the Kamchatka Peninsula. I received my name in honor of G. I. Shelikhov.
Length is 650 km, the inlet width is 130 km, the largest width is 300 km, depth to 350 m.
In the northern part of the peninsula, Tiagonos is divided into Gizhihinsky lip and Penzhinsky lip. The Gauli, Penjin, Yama, Malkachaan rivers flow into the bay.
Covered with ice from December to May. Inclusters are incorrect, semi-dry. In the Penzhinsky lip reaches the maximum value for the Pacific.
Bay is rich in fish resources. Fishing facilities are herring, halibut, flounder, Far Eastern Navaga.
In the southern part of Shelikhov's bay there is a small archipelago Yaman Islands.
In the Gulf of Shelikhov, herbs reached 14 m.
Sakhalin bay, swans flew the Sea Okhotsk 
Sakhalin Bay
Sakhalin Bay - Bay of the Okhotsk Sea between Asia's coast north of the mouth of the Amur and the northern tip of Sakhalin Island.
In the northern part, wide, southerly narrows and goes to Amur Liman. The width to 160 km of the Strait of Nevelsky is connected to the Tatar Strait and the Japanese Sea.
From November to June is covered with ice.
Infections are incorrect daily, up to 2-3 m.
In the water area of \u200b\u200bthe bay, industrial fishing (salmonary, cod) is conducted.
On the shore of the bay is the port of Moskalvo.
bay Aniva, Port of Korsakov, Sakhalin Island 
Bay Aniva
Aniva - Bay of the Okhotsk Sea, southern Shore Sakhalin Islands, between the Peninsula of Krölonsky and Tonino Aniva. From the south is widely open in the strait of the lapere.
The origin of the title of the Gulf is most likely due to the aminas words "An" and "Iva". The first is usually translated as "available, located", and the second - as " mountain Ridge, rock, vertex "; Thus, Aniva can be translated as "having ridges" or "located among the ridges (mountains)".
Width 104 km, length 90 km, the highest depth of 93 meters. The narrowed part of the bay is known called Salmon Bay. The warm flow of soybeans affects the temperature regime and the dynamics of the flows inside the bay, which is a changeable nature.
Sakhalin (Yap. 樺 太, whale. 库页 / 庫頁) - island at the Eastern Coast of Asia. It is part of the Sakhalin region. The largest island Russia. Washed by the Okhotsk and Japanese seas. From mainland Asia is separated by the Tatar Strait (in the narrowest part - the Nevsky Strait - has a width of 7.3 km and freezes in winter); from japanese Islands Hokkaido - the strait of lapere.
The island got its name from the Manchur name of the Amur River - "Sakhahalyan-Ulla", which means "Black River" - the name is printed on the map, it was mistaken to Sakhalin, and the name of the island was printed in further editions.
The Japanese call Sakhalin Karafuto, this name goes back to the Aynian "Kamu-Kara-Puto-I-Mosir", which means the "earth of the mouth of the mouth." In 1805, the Russian vessel under the command of I. F. Kruzenshtern investigated most of the Sakhalin coast and concluded that Sakhalin - Peninsula. In 1808, Japanese expeditions, who headed Matsuda Denzuro and Mamia Rindzo, proved that Sakhalin is an island. Most European cartographers were skeptical to Japanese data. For a long time on different cards Sakhalin designated either an island or by the peninsula. Only in 1849, the expedition under the command of G. I. Nevelsky put the final point in this matter, having passed on the Baikal Military Transport ship between Sakhalin and the mainland. This shed was subsequently named after Nevelsky.
The island is pulled by Meridionially from Cape Krylon in the south to Cape Elizabeth in the north. Length is 948 km, width from 26 km (belongings of the belt) up to 160 km (on latitude with. Lesogorskoye), an area of \u200b\u200b76.4 thousand km².
Bay of patience
Bay of patience - the Bay of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk at the south-eastern shore of Sakhalin Island. In the eastern part, partially limited to the patience by the peninsula.
The bay was opened in 1643 by the Dutch navigator M. G. De Friz and named it to the Bay of patience, since his expedition had to be overwhelmed here a long time a dense fog that did not allow the opportunity to continue swimming.
The length of the bay is 65 km, the width is about 130 km, the depth is up to 50 m. The river Poronia flows into the bay.
In winter, the bay freezes.
Water bay is rich in biological resources, among which Keta and Gorbow.
In the patience of Poronaysk's patience. Okhotsk Sea 
- The chain of the islands between the Kamchatka peninsula and the Island of Hokkaido, a little convex arc separating the Okhotsk Sea from the Pacific Ocean.
The length is about 1200 km. The total area is 10.5 thousand km². By the south of them there is a state border of the Russian Federation with Japan.
The islands form two parallel ridges: a large Kuril and Small Kuril. Include 56 islands. Have important military-strategic and economic importance. Kuril Islands come to the Sakhalin region of Russia. Southern Islands Archipelago - ITUURUP, Kunashir, Shikotan and the Habomai group - disputed by Japan, which includes them in the prefecture of Hokkaido.
Refer to the districts of the Far North
The climate on the islands of sea, pretty severe, with a cold and long winter, cool summer, high humidity. The mainland monsonic climate undergoes significant changes here. On the southern part of the Kuril Islands, frosts can reach -25 ° C, the average temperature of February - -8 ° C. In the north part of winter softer, with frosts up to -16 ° C and -7 ° C in February.
In winter, Aleutian bary minimum affects the islands, whose action weakens by June.
The average temperature of August on the southern part of the Kuril Islands is +17 ° C, on the North - +10 ° C.
List of islands of more than 1 km² in the direction from north to south.
Name, Square, km², Height, Latitude, Longitude
Large Kuril Gang
Northern Group
Atlasova 150 2339 50 ° 52 "155 ° 34"
Schisha 388 189 50 ° 45 "156 ° 21"
Paramushir 2053 1816 50 ° 23 "155 ° 41"
Antsiferova 7 747 50 ° 12 "154 ° 59"
Maca Kanrushi 49 1169 49 ° 46 "154 ° 26"
Onekotan 425 1324 49 ° 27 "154 ° 46"
Harimkathan 68 1157 49 ° 07 "154 ° 32"
Chirincatan 6 724 48 ° 59 "153 ° 29"
Ecarma 30 1170 48 ° 57 "153 ° 57"
Shiashkotan 122 934 48 ° 49 "154 ° 06"
Medium group
Raikok 4,6 551 48 ° 17 "153 ° 15"
Matua 52 1446 48 ° 05 "153 ° 13"
Frames 67 948 47 ° 45 "153 ° 01"
O-Va Ushishir 5 388 - - -
Riponkich 1.3 121 47 ° 32 "152 ° 50"
Yankich 3.7 388 47 ° 31 "152 ° 49"
Keta 73 1166 47 ° 20 "152 ° 31"
SIMUSHIR 353 1539 46 ° 58 "152 ° 00"
Brutona 7 800 46 ° 43 "150 ° 44"
O-va Black Brothers 37 749 - - -
Chirp 21 691 46 ° 30 "150 ° 55"
Brother-Chirpoov 16 749 46 ° 28 "150 ° 50"
South Group
Urup 1450 1426 45 ° 54 "149 ° 59"
ITUURUP 3318.8 1634 45 ° 00 "147 ° 53"
Kunashir 1495,24 1819 44 ° 05 "145 ° 59"
Small Kuril Gang
Shikotan 264,13 412 43 ° 48 "146 ° 45"
Polonsky 11,57 16 43 ° 38 "146 ° 19"
Green 58.72 24 43 ° 30 "146 ° 08"
Tanglifyeva 12.92 15 43 ° 26 "145 ° 55"
Yuri 10.32 44 43 ° 25 "146 ° 04"
Anumina 2.35 33 43 ° 22 "146 ° 00"
Geological structure
The Kuril Islands is a typical ensematic island arc on the edge of the Okhotsk Plate. It is located above the subduction zone, in which the Pacific cooker is absorbed. Most of the islands of Goris. The highest height of 2339 m is the island of Atlasov, Volcano Alaid. The Kuril Islands are located in the Pacific Volcanic Fire Ring in the High Seismic Activity Zone: out of 68 volcanoes 36 are active, there are hot mineral springs. Care of large tsunami. Tsunami is most famous on November 5, 1952 at Paramushir and Shikotanian Tsunami on October 5, 1994. The last of the major tsunami occurred on November 15, 2006 on the Simushira.
Detailed Geography of the Okhotsk Sea, Description of the Sea
Basic physico-geographical features.
The straits connecting the Okhotsk Sea with the Safety Ocean and the Japanese Sea and their depths are very important, as they determine the possibility of water exchange. The straits of Nevelsky and Laperose are relatively narrow and shallow water. The width of the Nevelsky Strait (between the capes of Lazarev and died) is only about 7 km. The width of the stroller of the laper is somewhat more - about 40 km, and the greatest depth is 53 m.
At the same time, the total width of the Kuril Straits is about 500 km, and the maximum depth of the deepled of them (Strait Busol) exceeds 2300 m. Thus, the possibility of water exchange between the Japanese and the Okhotsk Sea is incomparably less than between the Okhotsk Sea and the Pacific Ocean. However, even the depth of the deepest of the Curil straits is much smaller than the maximum depth of the sea, so r, the sealed sea depression from the ocean.
The most important for water exchange with the ocean of the Strait Bussol and Cruisestry, as they have the largest area and depth. The depth of the Strait of Bussol was indicated above, and the depth of the cruise-seater of 1920 m. Little value is of the freezers of the frieze, the fourth Kuril, Ramikord and Hope, the depths of which are more than 500 m. The depths of the remaining straits are mainly not exceeding 200 m, and the areas are insignificant.
Inactive for the external forms and the structure of the coast of the Okhotsk Sea in different areas belong to various geomorphological types. From fig. 38 It can be seen that in most part these are abrasive, altered by the sea of \u200b\u200bthe shore, only in the west of Kamchatka and in the east of Sakhalin are accumulated shores. Mostly the sea is surrounded by high and climby shores. In the north and northwest, rocky ledges go down straight to the sea. Less than tall, and then the lowland mainland coast comes to the sea at the Sakhalin Bay. Southeast coast of Sakhalin is low, and the northeast is the lowered. Very ripples. Northeast Hokkaido coast is predominantly lowered. The same character carries the coast of the southern part of West Kamchatka, but its northern part is characterized by some increase in the shore.
Diverse and uneven relief of the bottom of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. In general, it is characterized by the following main features. The northern part of the sea is a mainland ovens - underwater continuation of the Asian mainland. The width of the mainland bells in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Ayano-Okhotsk coast of about 100 miles, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Uska lip - 140 miles. Between the Meridians of Okhotsk and Magadan, its width increases to 200, miles. FROM western edge The basins of the sea is the island of Sakhalin's island, from the East Territory - the mainland shallow of Kamchatka. The shelf takes about 22% of the bottom area. The rest, most (about 70%) of the sea is within the mainland slope (from 200 to 1500 m), on which separate underwater hills, depressions and gutters are distinguished.
The deepe-water southern part of the sea is deeper than 2500 m, which is a piece of bed, takes 8% of the total area. It is stretched by a strip along the Kuril Islands, gradually narrowing from 200 km against about. Itupourk up to 80 km against the Cruise Strait. Great depths and significant bottom slopes are distinguished by the southwestern part of the sea from the northeast, lying on the mainland shallow.
From large elements of the relief of the bottom of the central part of the sea, two underwater elevations are highlighted - the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Institute of Oceanology. Together with the protrusion of the continental slope, they determine the separation of the sea basin for three basins: the northeast depression Tinro, the northwestern Vpadina of Derugin and the southern deep-water Kuril Basin. The depressions are connected by the gutters: Makarova, P. Schmidt and Swan. To the northeast of the Tinro's depression, Gulf Gulf of Shelikhov.
Kamchatka, Race on the Okhotsk Sea, Berengia 2013 
Least deep vpadina Tingro is located west of Kamchatka. The bottom of it is the plain lying at a depth of about 850 m at maximum depth 990 m. Wpadina Dergina is east of the Sakhalin underwater base. Its bottom is flat, raised along the edges of the plain, lying on average at a depth of 1700 m, the maximum depth of the depression is 1744 m. The deepe of curl brand. This is a huge flat plain, lying at a depth of about 3,300 m. Its width in the western part of about 120 miles, the length in the northeast direction is about 600 miles.
The elevation of the Institute of Oceanology has rounded outlines, it is stretched in a latitudinal direction by almost 200 miles, and in a meridional about 130 miles. The minimum depth over it is about 900 m. The hillside of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR is cut by the vertices of the underwater valleys. A wonderful feature of the relief of the hill is the presence of flat peaks that occupy a large area.
Climate of the Sea Okhotsk
In its location, the Okhotsk Sea is in the monsoon climate zone of moderate latitudes, which is significantly affected by the physico-geographical features of the sea. Thus, his significant part in the West is deeply going to the mainland and lies relatively close to the Pole of the Cold of Asian Sushi, so the main source of cold for the Okhotsk Sea is in the West, and not in the north. Relatively high ridges Kamchatka make it difficult to penetrate the warm Pacific air. Only in the south-east and in the south, the sea is open to the Pacific Ocean and the Japanese sea, from which there is a significant amount of heat. However, the effect of cooling factors affects more than pecificent, so the Okhotsk Sea as a whole is the coldest of the Far Eastern seas. At the same time, its large meridional length causes significant spatial differences in the synoptic situation and meteorological indicators in each season. In the cold part of the year from October to April, the Siberian Anticyclone and Aleutian minimum affect the sea. The effect of the latter applies mainly to the south-eastern part of the sea. Such a distribution of large-scale baric systems causes the dominance of strong sustainable northwestern and northern winds, often reaching storm power. Malmaty and stole almost completely absent, especially in January and February. In winter, the wind speed is usually equal to 10-11 m / s.
Dry and cold winter Asian monsoon enhanced air over the north and northwestern areas of the sea. In the cold month (January), the average air temperature in the north-west of the sea is -20-25 °, in the central regions -10-15 °, only in the southeastern part of the sea, it is -5-6 °, which is explained by the warming effect Pacific.
For autumn-winter time, cyclones are characterized mainly continental origin. They entail strengthening, wind, sometimes lowering the air temperature, but the weather remains clear and dry, as the continental air from the cooled mainland of Asia comes with them. In March - April there is a restructuring of large-scale baric fields. The Siberian Anticyclone is destroyed, and the Honolulian maximum is enhanced. As a result, the Warm Season (from May to October), the Okhotsk Sea is under the influence of the Honolulic maximum and the area of \u200b\u200breduced pressure located above Eastern Siberia. In accordance with such a distribution of the centers of the atmosphere at this time, weak southeastern winds prevail over the sea. Their speed usually does not exceed 6-7 m / s. Most often, these winds are observed in June and July, although these months are sometimes there are stronger northwestern and northern winds. In general, the Pacific (Summer) monsoon is weaker than Asian (winter), since in the warm season horizontal pressure gradients are small.
bay Nagaevo 
Summer air warms up unequal over the whole sea. The average monthly air temperature in August decreases from the southwest to the northeast of 18 ° in the south, to 12-14 ° central and to 10-10.5 ° in the north-east of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. In the warm season over the southern part of the sea, oceanic cyclones are often held, with which the wind gain is connected to a storm, which can last up to 5-8 days. The predominance in the spring-summer season of southeastern winds leads to significant cloudiness, precipitation, fog. Monsoon winds and stronger winter entry western Sea Okhotsk compared to the Eastern - important climatic features of this sea.
There are quite a few predominantly small rivers in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, so the mainland stock is relatively small. It is approximately 600 km3 / year, and about 65% gives Amur. Other relatively large rivers - Penjina, Hunting, Uda, Big (in Kamchatka) - bring significantly less fresh water to the sea. It comes mainly in the spring and early summer. At this time, the influence of mainland, mainly in the coastal zone, near the mouth areas of large rivers.
Geographical position, greater length of meridian, monsoon shifting and good communication The sea with the Pacific Ocean through the Kuril Strait is the main natural factors that most significantly affect the formation of the hydrological conditions of the Okhotsk Sea. The values \u200b\u200bof the arrival and consumption of heat in the sea are determined mainly by the radiation warming and heating of the sea. The heat, brought by Pacific Waters, has a subordinate value. However, for the water balance of the sea, the arrival and stock of water through the Kuril Straits plays a decisive role. Details and quantitative indicators of the waters through the Kuril Straits are still not sufficiently understood, but the main paths of water exchange through the straits are known. The flow of surface Pacific Waters to the Okhotsk Sea occurs mainly through the northern straits, in particular through the first Kurilsky. In the sheds of the middle part of the ridge, both the flow of Pacific waters and the flow of the Okhotsk are observed. Thus, in the surface layers of the third and fourth coarse straits, apparently, the flow of water from the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, in the bottom of the same - the influx, and in the Strait of the Bussol, on the contrary: in the surface layers of the influx, in the depths - stock. In the southern part of the ridge, mainly through the Straits of Catherine and Frieza, there is mainly the flow of water from the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. The intensity of water exchange through the straits can change significantly. In general, in the upper layers of the southern part Kuril Ridge The flow of oxomorsk waters prevails, and in the upper layers of the northern part of the ridge there is a flow of Pacific. In the deep layers, the receipt of Pacific waters dominates.
The influx of Pacific waters is largely affected on the temperature distribution, salinity, the formation of the structure and the total circulation of the water of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk.
cape Column, Kunashir Island, Kuril Islands 
Hydrological characteristics.
The water temperature on the sea surface is generally lowered from the south to the north. In winter, almost ubiquitous surface layers are cooled to the freezing temperature, equal to -1.5-1.8 °. Only in the southeastern part of the sea, it holds around 0 °, and near the northern coarse straits, the water temperature under the influence of penetrating the Pacific waters reaches 1-2 °.
Spring heating at the beginning of the season mainly goes on melting of ice, only by the end of it begins to increase the water temperature. In summer, the distribution of water temperature on the surface of the sea is quite varied (Fig. 39). In August, the most prohibited (up to 18-19 °) water adjacent to about. Hokkaido. In the central areas of the sea, the water temperature is 11-12 °. The coldest surface waters are observed from about. Ions, at m. Pyagin and near the Cruise Strait. In these areas, the water temperature is held within 6-7 °. The formation of local foci of increased and reduced water temperature on the surface is mainly due to the redistribution of heat by trends.
The vertical distribution of water temperature is different from the season for the season and from the place to the place. In the cold season, the temperature change with a depth is less difficult and varied than in warm seasons. In winter, in the northern and central areas of the sea, the cooling of water spreads to the horizons 100-200 m. The water temperature is relatively homogeneous and decreases from -1.7-1.5 ° on the surface to -0.25 ° on the horizons 500-600 m, it deeper It rises to 1-2 ° in the southern part of the sea, near the Kuril Straits, the water temperature from 2.5-3.0 ° on the surface drops to 1.0-1,4 ° on the horizons of 300-400 m and then smoothly rises to 1, 9-2.4 ° at the bottom.
In summer, surface waters are processed to a temperature of 10-12 °. In the subsurface layers, the water temperature is somewhat lower than on the surface. A sharp decrease in temperature to magnitudes -1.0-1.2 ° is observed between the horizons 50-75 m, deeper to the horizons 150-200 meters the temperature rises to 0.5-1.0 °, and then its increase occurs more smoothly horizons 200-250 m It is 1.5-2.0 °. Hence the water temperature almost does not change to the bottom. In the southern and southeastern parts of the sea, along the Kuril Islands, the water temperature from 10-14 ° on the surface is reduced to 3-8 ° on the horizon of 25 m, then up to 1.6-2.4 ° on the horizon 100 m and to 1 , 4-2.0 ° at the bottom. For vertical temperature distribution in summer, a cold intermediate layer is characterized - the rest of the winter cooling of the sea (see Fig. 39). In the northern and central areas of the sea, the temperature in it is negative and only near the coarse straits it has positive values. In different parts of the sea, the depth of the cold intermediate layer is different and varies from year to year.
The distribution of salinity in the Okhotsk Sea relatively little varies on the seasons and is characterized by its increase in the eastern part under the influence of Pacific Waters, and a decrease in the western part, designed by the mainland flow (Fig. 40). In the western part of the salinity on the surface 28-31, and in Eastern it is 31-32 ‰ and more (up to 33 near the Kuril ridge). In the northwestern part of the sea, due to the desalination salns on the surface 25 and less, and the thickness of the desalinated layer is about 30-40 m.
With a depth in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk there is an increase in salinity. On the horizons 300-400 m in the western part of the sea salinity is equal to 33.5, and in Eastern about 33.8 ‰. On the horizon is 100 m salinity is 34.0 and further to the bottom increases slightly - only 0.5-0.6 ‰. In individual bays and sheds, the magnitude of salinity, its stratification can differ significantly from the open sea depending on local hydrological conditions.
Temperature and salinity determine the values \u200b\u200band distribution of the density of the water of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. In accordance with this, more dense waters are observed in winter in the northern and central ice-covered areas of the sea. Somewhat less density in a relatively warm boncuril area. In summer, water density decreases, its smallest values \u200b\u200bare confined to the zones of the influence of coastal drain, and the greatest are marked in areas of spread of Pacific waters. The density increases with depth. In winter, it rises relatively slightly from the surface to the bottom. In summer, its distribution depends in the upper layers from the temperature values, and on the middle and lower horizons from salinity. In the summer, a noticeable density stratification of water vertically creates, especially significantly the density increases on the horizons of 25-35-50 m, which is associated with waters in open areas and desalination off the coast.
cape Nyukl (Sleep Dragon) near Magadan 
With the peculiarities of the vertical distribution of oceanological characteristics, the possibilities of the development of mixing the water of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk are largely related. Wind mixing is carried out in a lack of year. It is most intensive in the spring and autumn, when strong winds blow over the sea, and the stratification of water is expressed not very sharply. At this time, the wind stirring spreads to the horizon of 20-25 m from the surface. Strong cooling and powerful gland formation in the autumn-winter time contributes to the development of convection in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. However, it proceeds unequal in its different areas, which is explained by the peculfles of the bottom, climatic differences, the intake of Pacific waters and other factors. Thermal convection on most of the sea penetrates to 50-60 m, since the summer heating of surface waters, and in the zones of coastal flow and substantial desalination cause water bundle vertically, which is most dramatically expressed on the specified horizons. An increase in surface water density due to cooling and caused by this convection is not able to overcome the maximum stability located on the referred to the horizons. In the southeastern part of the sea, the Pacific Waters are mostly distributed, there is a relatively weak stratification by vertical, therefore thermal convection extends here to the horizons 150-200 m, where it limits the density structure of the water.
Intensive gland formation for most of the sea excites the enhanced thermohalin winter vertical circulation. At depths up to 250-300 m, it applies to the bottom, and its penetration on more significant depths prevents the maximum sustainability existing here. In areas with crossed terrain, the distribution of density mixing in the lower horizons contributes to the location of the water in the slopes. In general, the Sea Okhotsk is characterized by a good mixing of its water.
Features of the vertical distribution of oceanic characteristics, mainly water temperature, indicate that the Susta water is characterized by the subarctic structure of water, in which the cold and warm intermediate layers are well expressed in summer. A more detailed study of the subarctic structure in this sea showed that it exists the Okhotorskaya, Pacific and Kuril varieties of the subarctic structure of water. With the same character of the vertical structure, they have quantitative differences in the characteristics of the aquatic masses.
Based on the analysis of T, S-curves, in combination with the consideration of the vertical distribution of oceanic characteristics in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, the following aquatic masses are distinguished. Surface aqueous mass having spring, summer and autumn modifications. It represents the upper resistance maximum due to the main temperature. This aqueous mass is characterized by the corresponding temperatures and salinity values, on the basis of which its mentioned modifications differ.
The ohuntomorsk aqueous mass is formed in winter from surface water and in spring, in summer and in the fall, it is manifested in the form of a cold intermediate layer that flies between the horizons 40-150 m. This aqueous mass is characterized by quite homogeneous salinity (about 32.9-31.0) and different Places to the place of temperature. For most of the sea, its temperature is below 0 ° and comes to -1.7 °, and it happens above 1 ° in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Kuril Straits.
The intermediate aqueous mass is formed mainly due to the lowering of water on the slopes of the bottom, within the sea ranges from 100-150 to 400-700 m and is characterized by a temperature of 1.5 ° and salinity of 33.7 ‰. This aqueous mass is distributed almost everywhere, except for the northwestern part of the sea, Shelichov Bay and some areas along the shores of Sakhalin, where the oakomorskaya aqueous water comes to the bottom. The thickness of the intermediate aqueous mass layer is generally reduced from the south to the north.
The deep Pacific aqueous water is the water of the lower part of the warm ocean layer, entering the Okhotsk Sea on the horizons below 800-2000 m, i.e. below the depth of the water drop in the straits, and is manifested in the form of a warm intermediate layer. This aqueous mass is located on the horizons 600-1350 m, has a temperature of 2.3 ° and salinity 34.3. However, its characteristics change in space. The highest values \u200b\u200bof temperature and salinity are noted in the northeast and partly in the northwestern regions, which is connected here with the rise of water, and the smallest values \u200b\u200bof characteristics are characteristic of Western and southern regions, where water is lowered.
The aqueous mass of the South Basin has a Pacific origin and is the deep water of the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean from the horizon of 2300 m, corresponding to the maximum depth of the threshold in the Kuril Straits (Strait Bussol). The water mass under consideration, in general, fills the named hollow from the horizon of 1350 m and to the bottom. It is characterized by a temperature of 1.85 ° and salinity of 34.7 ‰, which only slightly change with depth.
Among the highlighted aquatic masses, Okhotomorskaya and deep Pacific are basic and differ from each other not only by thermohalin, but also by hydrochemical and biological indicators.
Under the influence of winds and flow of water through the Kuril Straits, the characteristic features of the system of non-periodic currents of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk (Fig. 41) are formed. The main one is a cyclonic flow system covering almost all the sea. It is due to the predominance of the cyclonic circulation of the atmosphere over the sea and the adjacent part of the Pacific Ocean. In addition, resistant anticyclonal cyphans and extensive areas of cyclonic water circulation are traced in the sea.
At the same time, a narrow strip of stronger coastal currents, which, continuing to each other, is quite clearly distinguished, which, continuing to each other, as if bypassing the coastline of the sea against a clockwise arrow; Warm Kamchatka flow sent to the north in the Bay of Shelikhov; the flow of Western, and then south-west direction along the northern and northwestern coast of the sea; Sustainable East Sakhalin course, and a fairly strong soybean, which joins the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk through the strait of the laper.
On the southeast periphery of the cyclonic cycle of the central part of the sea, the branch of the northeast flow is distinguished opposite to the direction of Kuril's flow (or Oyasio) in the Pacific Ocean. As a result of the existence of these streams, some of the coarse strands, sustainable areas of the convergence of flows are formed, which leads to lowering water and has a significant impact on the distribution of oceanic characteristics not only in the straits, but also in the very sea. Finally, another feature of the circulation of the Water of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk - two-way sustainable flows in most of the coarse straits.
The non-periodic flows on the surface of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk are most intense from the western shores of Kamchatka (11-20 cm / s), in the Sakhalin Gulf (30-45 cm / s), in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Kuril Straits (15-40 cm / s), above the South Bathtone ( 11-20 cm / s) and for soy (up to 50-90 cm / s). In the central part of the cyclonic area, the intensity of horizontal transfer is significantly less than on its periphery. In the central part of the sea, the speed varies from 2 to 10 cm / s, and the speeds are dominated less than 5 cm / s. A similar picture is observed in the Gulf of Shelikhov, rather strong flows off the coast (up to 20-30 cm / s) and small speeds in the central part of the cyclonic cycle.
In the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk are well expressed and periodic (tidal) flows. Here are their various types: semi-sufficient, daily and mixed with the predominance of semi-diversity or daily components. The speeds of tidal flows are different - from several centimeters to 4 m / s. Departed from the shores of the speed of the flows is small (5-10 cm / s). In the straits, bays and the coast of tidal flow rates, they increase significantly, for example, in the Kuril sheds, they reach 2-4 m / s.
The tides of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk are very complex. Tidal wave enters from the south and southeast of the Pacific Ocean. The half-length wave moves to the north, and on the parallel 50 ° is divided into two branches: Western turns to the north-west, forming the north of m. Patience and in the northern part of the Sakhalin Gulf of Amphidromic areas, the Eastern is moving towards the Gulf of Shelikhov, at the entrance to which occurs Another amphidromy. The daily wave is also moving to the north, but on the latitude of the northern tip of Sakhalin is divided into two parts: one is included in the Gulf of Shelikhov, the other comes to the North-West shore.
In the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, there are two main types of tides: daily and mixed. Daily tides are the greatest distribution. They are observed in the Amur Liman, the Sakhalin Gulf, on the Kuril Islands, from the West Bank of Kamchatka and in Penzhinsky Gulf. Mixed tides are observed in the North and northwest coasts Sea and in the area of \u200b\u200bChartarka Islands.
The greatest magnitude of the tide is noted in the Penzhinsky lip at the m. Astronomical (up to 13 m). These are the greatest tides for the entire coast of the USSR. In second place, the Shartar Islands Area, where the magnitude of the tide exceeds 7 m. Extremely significant tides in the Sakhalin Gulf and in the Kuril sheds. In the northern part of the sea, the magnitude of the tides reaches 5 m. The smallest tides were observed at the eastern shore of Sakhalin, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Laperuz Strait. In the southern Sea of \u200b\u200bthe sea, the magnitude of the tides of 0.8-2.5 m. In general, tidal level fluctuations in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk are very significant and have a significant effect on its hydrological regime, especially in the coastal zone.
In addition to tidal, well-riding levels are well developed here. They arise mainly when passing deep cyclones over the sea. Non-level raises reach 1.5-2 m. The greatest arrings are marked on the coast of Kamchatka and in the Bay of Patience.
Significant sizes and large depths of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, frequent and strong winds over it determine the development of large waves. Especially stormy sea is in the fall, and in crushing areas and winter. These seasons account for 55-70% storm unrest, including with wave heights of 4-6 m, and the highest heights of the waves reach 10-11 m. The most restricted - the southern and southeastern areas of the sea, where the average repeatability of the storm excitement is equal to 35 -50%, and in the north-western part, it decreases to 25-30%, with strong excitement in the straits between the Kuril Islands and rolling between the Chartarka Islands.
Severe and long winters with strong northwestern winds contribute to the development of intensive gland formation in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. Ice of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk exclusively local education. There are both fixed ice (soldering) and floating, which are the main form of the sea. In one or another, the amount of ice are found in all parts of the sea, but in the summer all the sea is cleared by the ice. The exception is the area of \u200b\u200bChartarka Islands, where ice can be maintained in summer.
Ice formation begins in November in the bays and lips of the northern part of the sea, in the coastal part about. Sakhalin and Kamchatka. Then the ice appears in the open part of the sea. In January and February, ice occupy the whole northern and middle part of the sea. During the usual years, the southern boundary of a relatively stable ice cover passes, bending to the north, from the strait of the lapere to m. The blade. The extreme southern part of the sea never freezes. However, due to the winds, significant ice masses are taken from the north, often accumulating the Kuril Islands.
From April to June, the fracture and gradual disappearance of ice cover occurs. On average ice in the sea disappears at the end of May - early June. The north-western part of the sea thanks to the trends and the configuration of the shores is most clogged with ice, which remains there until July. Consequently, ice cover in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is preserved for 6-7 months. Floating ice is covered with more than three quarters of the sea surface. The cohesive ice of the northern part of the sea represent a serious obstacle to diving even icebreakers. The total duration of the ice period in the northern part of the sea reaches 280 days a year.
The southern coast of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands belong to areas with low ice visibility, here the ice on average holds no more than three months a year. The thickness of the increasing during the winter of ice reaches 0.8-1.0 m. Strong storms, tidal flows are wedged by ice cover in many areas of the sea, forming a torque and large divorce. In the open part of the sea, there is never a continuous fixed ice, usually the ice drifting in the form of extensive fields with numerous divorces. Some of the ice from the Okhotsk Sea is taken out to the ocean, where almost immediately collapses and melts. In the harsh winter, floating ice floats with northwestern winds pressed against the Kuril Islands and scoring some straits. Thus, in winter, there is no such place in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, where the meeting with ice is completely excluded.
Hydrochemical conditions.
Due to the constant water exchange with the Pacific Ocean through the deep Kuril Strait, the chemical composition of the water of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is generally not different from the ocean. The values \u200b\u200band distribution of dissolved gases and biogenic substances in open areas of the sea are determined by the intake of Pacific Waters, and in the coastal part, the coastal stock has a certain effect.
The Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is rich in oxygen, but its content is not equally in different parts of the sea and varies with depth. A large amount of oxygen is dissolved in the waters of northern and central parts The sea, which is explained by the wealth of phytoplankton producing oxygen here. In particular, in the central part of the sea, the development of plant organisms is associated with the rise of deep water in the convergence zones. Water southern Districtions The seas contain a smaller amount of oxygen, as a relatively poor phytoplankton is coming by the Pacific Waters. The greatest content (7-9 ml / l) of oxygen is observed in the surface layer, it is gradually decreased and on the horizon 100 m is equal to 6-7 ml / l, and on the horizon 500 m - 3.2-4.7 ml / l, Next, the amount of this gas is very quickly decreasing with a depth and at the horizons 1000-1300 m reaches a minimum (1.2-1.4 ml / l), but in deeper layers it increases to 1.3-2.0 ml / l. The minimum of oxygen is timed to the deep Pacific Water Mass.
The sea layer contains 2-3 μg / l of nitrites and 3-15 μg / l nitrates. With the depth, their concentration increases, and the content of nitrites reaches the maximum on the horizons 25-50 m, and the number of nitrates here increases sharply, but the greatest values \u200b\u200bof these substances are marked on the horizons of 800-1000 m, where they are slowly reduced to the bottom. For the vertical distribution of phosphates, an increase in their content with a depth is characterized, especially noticeable from the horizons 50-60 m, and the maximum concentration of these substances is observed in the bottom layers. In total, nitrites, nitrates and phosphates dissolved in the waters of the sea are increasing from north to south, which is mainly due to the rise of deep water. Local features of hydrological and biological conditions (water circulation, tides, the degree of development of organisms, etc.) form regional hydrochemical features of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk.
Economic use.
The nationality of the Okhotsk Sea is determined by using it natural resources and marine transportation. The main wealth of this sea is commercial animals, primarily fish. It is mainly produced mainly its most valuable species - salmon (Keta, Gorbow, Narki, Kizhuch, Chang) and their caviar. Currently, salmon reserves decreased, so their mining decreased. Fishing this fish is limited. In addition, herring, cod, cambala and other types of sea fish are caught in the sea in limited quantities. Okhotsk Sea is the main area of \u200b\u200bcrab fishery. Calmarov is mining at sea. One of the major stades of sea seals focused on the Shartar Islands, the extraction of which is strictly regulated.
Sea transport lines associate the Okhotsk ports of Magadan, Nagaevo, Ayan, Okhotsk with other Soviet and foreign ports. There are various cargo from different regions of the Soviet Union and foreign countries.
To a large extent studied Okhotsk Sea still needs to solve different natural problems. According to their hydrological aspects, the study of sea water exchange with the quiet ocean, total circulation, including vertical movements of water, their fine structure and vortex movements, ice conditions, in particular in the predictive direction of ice formation, direction of ice drift, etc. . The solution to these and other problems will contribute to the further development of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk.
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Source of information and photo:
Social team
http://tapemark.narod.ru/more/18.html
Melnikov A. V. Geographical names Far East of Russia: toponymic dictionary. - Blagoveshchensk: Interra-Plus (InterRa +), 2009. - 55 p.
Shamraev Yu. I., Shishkin L. A. Okeanology. L.: Hydrometeoizdat, 1980.
Lithosphere of the Okhotsk Sea
Okhotsk Sea in the book: A. Dobrovolsky, B. S. Svalod. Sea of \u200b\u200bthe USSR. Publishing House Mosk. University, 1982.
Leontyev V. V., Novikova K. A. Toponymic dictionary of the northeast of the USSR. - Magadan: Magadan Book Publishing House, 1989, Page 86
Leonov A.K. Regional Oceanography. - Leningrad, hydrometeoisdat, 1960. - T. 1. - P. 164.
Wikipedia website.
Magidovich I. P., Magidovich V. I. Essays on history geographic discoveries. - Enlightenment, 1985. - T. 4.
http://www.photosight.ru/
Photo: O.Smoliya, A.Afanasyev, A.Gill, L.Golubtsova, A.Panfilov, T. Sielen.
The Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk was openly at the time of the first campaigns of the Cossacks through Siberia to the Pacific Ocean.
Local hunting tribes called his Lam - what means: "Water", "Sea", and from this word, among the Russian seamen, one of the first names of the sea - "Lamskaya", and the name of coastal tuncuses is "Lamuts". Sometimes they called the sea also Tungusk.
However, it was gradually entered into use and the other name was fixed, namely the Okhotsk Sea. The area of \u200b\u200bthe water area is 1603 thousand km².
Vsevolod Sibi ...
The coldest ...
Okhots Islands ...
Subsequently, when Kamchatka was opened and campaigns around the coast and the sea were discovered to this rich peninsula and the mouth of the Penzhina River, other names of the sea were used - "Kamchatka" and "Penzhinskoe". However, these names were not intensified.
What would seem how to give the sea a name named a small river flowing into it between 59 and 60 degrees of northern latitude? You can find significantly larger and full-water rivers, flowing into this sea - like the same Penhina. Why did their name be contacted with the name of the sea? In this case, it was drawn not from the size of the river, but from the role of her in the life of researchers of the coast.
Cossacks, leaving Yakutsk, moved to the east not straight through the mountains and taiga, and with a tortuous way along rivers and wipes between them. The caravan trail took them in the end to the river hunt, and on it - to the seashore.
Now Okhotsk is one of the ranked port points and lost its former value. Other, significantly larger and important centers arose on the coast.
But the preserved name of the sea testifies to the historical role of the river and the port, from which Russian people began the development of the Great Maritime Area.
Almost everywhere the coast of the Okhotsk Sea is high, rocky. We published, from the sea, they stand out on the horizon with black stripes framed from above the brown-green spots of vegetation. Only in some places - at the western coast of Kamchatka, the northern part of Sakhalin - wide low-lying sites are suitable for the sea.
The bottom of the Okhotsk Sea is similar in some respects with the bottom of the Japanese Sea: and there, despite the great depths, there are underwater hollows, testifying that in the quarterly period, the region of the current sea was standing high above the ocean and there were two huge rivers - Amur and Penjin. Then there was a geological catastrophe, - part of the mainland fell and was filled with the ocean. This formed a relatively young Okhotsk Sea.
According to geologists, the eastern part of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk - one of the "troubled" regions globe. To date, large oscillations occur here - the movement of the earth's crust.
We can feel and see them in earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, changes in the form of the islands.
Academician A. Zavaritsky believes that Kamchatsko-Kuril district is the most interesting for science area of \u200b\u200bthe globe.
Often, underwater eruptions of volcanoes and underwater earthquakes occur in this part of the Pacific Ocean. It is especially noticeable by the originality of the area on the Kuril Islands.
The ridge of the Kuril Islands lying on the border between the Okhotsk Sea and the open part of the ocean, represents a very special world. About thirty large and small islands and many cliffs of volcanic origin are included in this ridge. Many islands are crowned high mountains, up to one and a half or two kilometers a height. Hot springs with water temperature from 35 to 70 ° beat in many islands from under the ground. Part of the sources has healing properties. Over some mountains that are current volcanoes, smoke smoke.
On the islands there are about thirty existing volcanoes. This shows that in the depths of the earth here and now restless. Sometimes during earthquakes in the ocean, waves arise a height of several tens of meters, which roll to the huge distance. One of these waves, the vessel "Natalia" in 1780 was abandoned in the depth of the island of Mr. 300 meters from the coast. The ship remains on land. This preserved a few recording: "January eighth. In 1780, a cruel earthquake was made, the sea rose so high that GUKOR - that is, the ship standing in the harbor took place in the middle of the island. "
The harsh conditions of life in the Kuril Islands, especially on the Northern. Ocean waves with noise hit the rocky shores, breaking over millions of splashes. Water droplets, picked by the wind, rushing through the islands. Here we hold fogs for a long time. In winter, severe storms often occur.
Video: Okhotsk Sea: ...
Square of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk 1.603 million square meters. km. The average depth of 1780 m is the maximum depth of 3521 m. The western part of the sea has a small depth, and is located on the continental shelf. In the center of the sea there are depressions of Derjugin (in the south) and Wpadina Tingro. In the eastern part there is a Kuril's hollow, in which the depth is maximum.
From October to May-June, the northern part of the sea is covered with ice. The southeastern part almost does not freeze.
The coast in the north is strongly cut, in the northeast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, the largest bay is located - Shalikhov Bay. Of the smallest bays of the northern part, the most famous is the most famous are the most famous lips and the bays of the shelling, Zakabyak, Babushkin, Kekurn, Odessa Bay on the island of ITUURUP. In the east, the coastline of the Kamchatka peninsula is practically devoid of bays. In the southwest, the largest aniva and patience are the bays.
Fisheries (Salo, Herring, Mintai, Mois, Navaga, etc.).
Main ports: on the mainland - Magadan, Ayan, Okhotsk (portway); On the island of Sakhalin - Korsakov, on the Kuril Islands - North-Kurilsk.
The Okhotsk Sea is named by the Hunt River, which in turn comes from Even Okat - River. The Japanese traditionally called this "Hockey" (北海) sea, literally "North Sea". But since now this name refers to the North Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Atlantic Ocean, then the name of the Okhotsk Sea, they changed to Oletzuk-Kai (オホーツク 海), which is the adaptation of the Russian name to the norms of Japanese phonetics.
The sea is located on the Okhotsk subpite, which is part of the Eurasian Plate. The bark is largely part of the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea of \u200b\u200bContinental Type.
Okhotsk Sea is one of the largest and deep seas of Russia. There are important seaside paths connecting Vladivostok with the northern regions of the Far East and the Kuril Islands. Large ports on the coast of the mainland - Magadan and Okhotsk; on the island of Sakhalin - Korsakov; On the Kuril Islands - North-Kurilsk.
The Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk was opened by Russian landlords I. Yu. Moskvitin and V. D. Poyarkov in the first half of the 17th century. Since 1733, the work of the second Kamchatka expedition began, the participants of which were detailed maps Almost all of his shores.
The Sea Okhotsk, called the same lame or Kamchatka Sea, is a semi-closed sea in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. It is washes the shores of Russia and Japan (about. Hokkaido).
From the west, it is limited to the mainland of Asia from Cape Lazareva to the mouth of the Penzhina River; from the north - the Kamchatka peninsula; From the east of the islands of the Kuril Ridge and from the south of Hokkaido and Sakhalin Islands.
With the quiet ocean, the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is connected through the system of the Curil Straits. Such straits are more than 30 and their total width of more than 500 kilometers. With the Japanese sea, it has a message through the sheds of Nevelsky and Laperose.
Characteristic of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk
The sea is called by the name of the river hunting in it. The Square of the Sea is 1603,000 square kilometers. The average depth is 1780 meters, at a maximum depth of 3916 meters. From the north to south, the sea stretches 2445 kilometers, and from east west to 1407 kilometers. The approximate volume of water enclosed in it is 1365 thousand cubic kilometers.
The coastline of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is risen weakly. Its length is 10460 kilometers. The most large bays are: Gulf of Shelikhov, Sakhalin Bay, Uda Guba, Tuyan Guba and the Bay of the Academy. Northern, northwestern and northeastern shores are high and rocky. In places of lubricants of large rivers (Amur, Uda, Hunting, Gignary, Penjin), as well as in the west of Kamchatka, in the northern part of Sakhalin and Hokkaido coast are predominantly low.
From October to May - June The northern part of the sea is covered with ice. The southeastern part almost does not freeze. In winter, the water temperature near the sea surface ranges from -1.8 ° C to 2.0 ° C, the temperature rises to 10-18 ° C in summer.
The salinity of the surface waters of the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea is 32.8-33.8 ppm, and the salinity of coastal waters usually does not exceed 30 ppm.
Climate of the Sea Okhotsk
The Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is located in the monsoon climate of moderate latitudes. Most of the year with the mainland, cold dry winds, getting off the northern half of the sea. From October to April, the negative air temperature, steady ice cover, is observed here.
In the northeastern part of the sea, the average temperature in January - February ranges from - 14 to - 20 ° C. In the Northern and Western regions, the temperature varies from - 20 to - 24 ° C. In the South and Eastern part of the sea in winter, significantly warmer from - 5 up to - 7 ° C.
Middle temperatures of July and August, respectively, wounds 10-12 ° C; 11-14 ° C; 11-18 ° C. Annual precipitation in different places of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk also differently. So in the north there is 300-500 mm of precipitation per year; in the west to 600-800 mm; In the southern and south-eastern part of the sea - over 1000 mm.
According to the composition of the organisms living in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, it is rather an arctic character. See moderate stripes, due to thermal exposure to ocean waters, are mostly southern and southeast of the sea.
In coastal zones, numerous settlements of mussels, lyonic and other mollusks, and racial raffs are noted, sea hero, from crustaceans a lot of crabs.
At the large depths of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, a rich fauna of invertebrates was found. Glass sponges, dowry, deep-sea corals, crustaceans are inhabited here.
Okhotsk Sea is rich in fish. The most valuable are salmonous species: Keta, Gorbow, Kizhuh, Chavik and Nerque. The industrial catch of herring, pollock, cambal, cod, navaga, washev, and bodies are underway.
In the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, large mammals live - whales, seals, sivuchi and sea seals. Many seabirds that arrange noisy "bazers" on the coasts.
UN recognized an enclave of the Okhotsk Sea part of the shelf of the Russian Federation
Inessa Dotsenko
The UN Commission on the Borders of the Continental Shelf recognized the Anclave of the Okhotsk Sea 52 thousand square kilometers part of the Russian continental shelf.
According to ITAR-TASS, this was stated by the Minister of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation Sergey Donskoy.
We officially received a document of the UN Commission on the Continental Shelf on the satisfaction of our application for an enclave recognition in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk by the Russian shelf. This is the ever-acting event, so I would like to congratulate everyone with it, "he said.
The decision of the commission, according to the minister, is unconditional and reverse does not have. Now the Russian jurisdiction is fully distributed on the enclave.
As ITAR-TASS informs, the Donskoy also informed that Russia's application for the expansion of the continental shelf in the Arctic will be ready in the fall of this year. In the autumn of submitting an application to the UN commission on the borders of the continental shelf depends on how the claims on an enclave in the Arctic of other countries will be built.
All resources that will be discovered there - everything will be mined exclusively within the framework of Russian legislation, said Donskaya. He said that according to the estimates of geologists, the total volume of hydrocarbon detected on this section exceeds a billion tons.
Magadan Governor Vladimir Listov believes that the recognition of an enclave in the middle of the Okhotsk Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Russian continental shelf opens up new prospects for the economy of Kolyma and the entire Far East. First of all, get rid of numerous administrative barriers to the fishermen of the region.
First, fishing fish, crab, mollusks can be freely conducted at any point of cooling. Special demolition resolutions will not be required both when leaving the sea and on return. Secondly, when the Russian territory is not only a 200-mile zone, and all the sea, we will get rid of the poaching of foreign fisheries in their waters. It will be easier to maintain a unique environment, "the press service of the government of the word of the liver leads.
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In the center of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, there is an extended enclave of significant sizes. Previously, he was considered the "open sea". On its territory they could freely move and lead fishing of the court of any states. In November 2013, Russia managed to prove the rights to 52 thousand square kilometers of the water area in the center of the Okhotsk Sea. For comparison, it is more than the Square of Holland, Switzerland or Belgium. The center of the Okhotsk Sea ceased to be part of the World Ocean and became completely Russian. After approval at the UN session, the process of legal assignment of the enclave to the Russian continental shelf can be considered fully completed.
Okhotsk Sea - the outskirts of the sea in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean.
The Okhotsk Sea is almost completely limited by the mainland and island coastal lines, located between the shores of East Eurasia, her peninsula of Kamchatka, the chains of the Kuril Islands, the northern tip of the island of Hokkaido and the eastern part of Sakhalin Island. From the Japanese Sea, it was separated in the Tatar Strait along the Cape Soustva - Cape Pack, in the Laperus Strait along line Cape Krölon - Cape Soy. The border with the Pacific Ocean passes from Cape Mesutppa (Hokkaido Island) on the ridge of the Kuril Islands to the cape of the blade (Kamchatka Peninsula). Area 1603 thousand km2, 1316 thousand km3 volume, the highest depth of 3521 m.
The coastline is cut slightly, the largest bays: academy, aniva, Sakhalin, patience, Tugursky, Ulbansky, Shelikhov (with Gizhiginskaya and Penzhinsky lips); Tuila, Uda lips. North, the North-West banks are predominantly sublime and rocky, most of the abrasion, in places strongly changed by the sea; in Kamchatka, in nordic parts Sakhalin and Hokkaido, as well as in the mouths of large rivers - lowlands, largely accumulative. Most of the islands are located near the coast: Zavyalova, Spafarians, Shartar, Yam, and only a small island of ions is located in the open sea.
Relief I. geological structure bottom.
The relief of the bottom is very diverse. The shelf takes about 40% of the bottom area, it is most common in the northern part, which refers to the submerged type, its width varies from 180 km from the Ayano-Okhotsk coast to 370 km in Magadan district. Up to 50% of the bottom area is accounted for by the mainland slope (depth to 2000 m). South. Parts There is the deepleway (more than 2500 m) area of \u200b\u200bthe sea, which occupies SV. 8% pl. bottom. At the central part of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, raising the Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Oceanology, separating the seaside depressions by 3 brand (depressions): TINRO in the northeast (depth to 990 m), Dergina in the West (up to 1771 m) and the deepest - Kurilskaya in the south (up to 3521 m).
The foundation of the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea heterogenic; The power of the earth's crust is 10-40 km. Raising in the central part of the sea has a continental bark; Raising in the southern sea consists of two raised blocks separated by the trip. The deep-water Kuril Basin with the oceanic bark, according to some researchers, is a captured section of the ocean plate, according to others, is a slaughtered pool. The basins of Derugin and Tinro are littered with the bark of the transient type. In the Karrygin, the thermal stream and hydrothermal activity was elevated compared to the rest of the territory, as a result of which Barite buildings were formed. The sedimentary case has the highest power in the hollows (8-12 km) and in the northern and eastern shelves, complicated by the Cenozoic Terigenic and Silic Territania (near the Kuril Islands with an admixture of the Tufogen Material). The ridge of the Kuril Islands is distinguished by intense seismicity and modern volcanism. Earthquakes, regularly noted in the area, often cause the formation of dangerous tsunami waves, for example in 1958.
Climate.
For the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, the monsoon climate of moderate latitudes is characterized. The sea is located relatively close to the Siberian Cold Pole, and the Kamchatka Ridges cover the path with warm Pacific air masses, so in general in the area it is cold. From October to April over the sea, the cumulative effect of Asian Anticyclone and Aleutian depression with strong sustainable northwestern and northern winds with rates of 10-11 m / s, often reaching storm power. The coldest month is January, temperature from -5 to -25 ° C. From May to September, the sea is under the influence of the Hawaiian Anticyclone with weak southeastern winds 6-7 m / s. In general, the Pacific (summer) monsoon is weaker than Asian (winter). Summer air temperature (August) from 18 ° C in the southwest to 10 ° C in the northeast. Average annual number precipitation from 300-500 mm in the north, up to 600-800 mm in the west, in the southern and southeastern parts of the sea - over 1000 mm.
Hydrological mode.
Large rivers flow into the Okhotsk Sea: Cupid, Big, Gaine, Hunting, Penjin, Ud. River stock is about 600 km3 / year, about 65% accounted for Amur. There is a collapse of the surface layer of the sea. Waters due to exceeding the magnitude of the river flow over evaporation. The geographical location of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, in particular, its large length in meridian, the monsime mode of winds, water exchange through the sheds of Kuril Ridges with the quiet ocean determine the features of the hydrological regime. The total width of all the Kuril Straits reaches 500 km, but the depths above the thresholds in the straits will greatly differ. For the water treatment with the Pacific Ocean, the Straits of the Bussol with a depth of more than 2,200 m and Cruise-seater - up to 1920 m. Next follows the fraoles of frieze, fourth Kurilsky, Ricorord and Hope, all with depths on the thresholds more than 500 m. The remaining straits have depth less than 200 m and insignificant cross-sectional areas. In small straits, unidirectional flows in the sea or ocean are usually observed. In deep straits, two-layer circulation predominates: in the near-surface layer in one direction, in the bottom - in the opposite. In the Strait, the Pacific Waters come to the sea in the surface layers in the sea, and in the bottom there are a flow to the ocean. In general, in the southern straits, the flow of oxomorsk waters prevails, in the northern - the influx of Pacific. The intensity of water exchange through the straits is subject to. Seasonal and annual variability.
In the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, there is a subarctic structure of waters with well-pronounced cold and warm intermediate layers, the Okhotomorskaya, Pacific and Kuril regional varieties are distinguished. In the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk there are 5 large water masses: the surface is very thin (15-30 m) the upper layer, which is easily mixed and, depending on the season, receives spring, summer or autumn modifications with the corresponding characteristic values \u200b\u200bof temperature and saline; In winter, as a result of strong cooling of the surface layer, the ohotomorsk aqueous mass is formed, which in the spring, summer and autumn exists in the form of a cold transition layer on the horizons from 40 to 150 m, the temperature in this layer from -1.7 to 1 ° C, salting 31 -32.9 ‰; The intermediate is formed as a result of climbing cold waters by the mainland slope, is characterized by a temperature of 1.5 ° C, a saline of 33.7 and occupies a layer from 150 to 600 m; The deep Pacific is located in a layer of 600 to 1300 m, consists of a Pacific water entering the Okhotsk Sea in the lower horizons of deep coarse straits, and exists like a warm intermediate layer with a temperature of about 2.3 ° C and salty 34.3 ‰, deep Curilian South Bowl is also formed from Pacific Waters, located in a layer of 1300 m to the bottom, water temperature of 1.85 ° C, saline 34.7.
The distribution of water temperature on the surface of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk highly depends on the season. In winter, water is cooled to about -1.7 ° C. In the summer, the most waters are processed from about. Hokkaido up to 19 ° C, in central areas up to 10-11 ° C. Saltness on the surface in the eastern part of the Kuril ridge to 33, in Western regions 28-31.
The circulation of surface water is predominantly cyclonic character (counterclockwise), which is explained by the influence of the wind environment over the sea. The average flow rates of 10-20 cm / s, the maximum values \u200b\u200bcan be observed in the straits (up to 90 cm / s in the Laperose Strait). Periodic tidal flows are well expressed, tides are mainly due to daily and mixed values \u200b\u200bfrom 1.0-2.5 m in the southern part of the sea, up to 7 m from Chartar Islands and 13.2 m in the Penzhinsky Lip (the largest in the seas of Russia). Significant level fluctuations (accounted-arrive) up to 2 m are caused on coasts when cyclones passage.
The Okhotsk Sea refers to the Arctic Seas, the Ice formation begins in November in the northern bays and by February it extends to most of the surface. It does not freeze only the extreme southern part. In April, the melting and destruction of ice cover begins, in June, the ice completely disappears. Only in the area of \u200b\u200bChartarka Islands sea ice can be partially saved until autumn.
Story study.
The sea is open in the middle of the XVII century by Russian landlords I.Yu. Moskvitin and V.D. Poyarkov. The first chambers are compiled during the second Kamchatka expedition (1733-1743) (see Kamchatka expeditions). I.F. Kruzenshtern (1805) was spent inventory of the eastern shore of Sakhalin. G.I. Nevelsky (1850-1855) was examined by the south-western shores of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk and the mouth of the Amur River and proved the island position of Sakhalin. The first complete summary of the hydrology of the sea amounted to C.O. Makarov (1894). In Soviet times, complex research works were deployed in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. Systematic research was conducted for many years by the Pacific Research Fisheries Center (TINRO-CENTER), Pacific Oceanological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, several major expeditions were held by Oceanology by the Institute on Vityaz vessel, as well as the courts of the Hydrometeorological Service (see the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Monitoring Environmental), Oceanographic Institute and other institutions.
Economic use.
In the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk there are about 300 species of fish, of which about 40 species of commercial, among them Cod, Mintai, Herring, Navaga, Marine Okun. Salmonists are widespread: pink salmon, keta, society, quiet, cup. Whale whales, seals, Syvuchi, sea seals. Cabbs (1st place in the world in the reserves of the fishing crab) have great economic importance. The Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk is promising for hydrocarbons, exploited oil reserves over 300 million tons. The largest deposits were revealed on the shelves of Sakhalin Islands, Magadan and West Kamchatsky (see the article by the Okhotsk Oil and Gasbon Province). On the Okhotsk, the sea are sea routes connecting Vladivostok with the Northern Distractions of the Far East and the Kuril Islands. Large ports: Magadan, Okhotsk, Korsakov, North-Kurilsk.