Urals are primarily very beautiful nature. No, of course, there are both big cities, and small villages, and interesting museums, and rich, very intended culture, in which European and Asian roots are woker. But most importantly, nevertheless.

And the Urals is a place where gems are mined and the hostess of the copper mountain from Bazzov's tapes.

The mountain range of the Urals stretches from the south and to the very north of Russia. There is even such a Bashkir fairy tale, in which the giant had a waist belt. And once he removed the belt, put it and lay down on the ground, and the belt became the Ural ridge. By the way, in Bashkir's word belt and there is "Ural", it is believed that the name of the mountains came from here.

And the Ural is a place where I was born, and where my childhood passed. Perhaps, therefore, those edges are filled with the strength and power of simple folk stories, carved pines, ticking the sky, clean lakes and fresh, aromatic air. And let in big cities the picture has long been completely different, but it is worthwhile a little further, and everything comes back.

Come with me on a trip to my edge?

Short video about the Urals

How to get

The territory of the Urals is very big, so before answering the question of how to get there, you need to understand wherever you want to get.

For example, several areas include several regions: Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovskaya, Kurgan, Tyumen, as well as Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District. The Perm Territory, Orenburg region, part of the territories of Bashkiria and other regions, are also counted to the Urals.

The approximate distance from Moscow to the region is 1,300 km, and from St. Petersburg - about 2,000 km, so most often travelers get here on the plane or train. But you can come by car or bus.

Plane

Airports in Urals are in the following cities:

• Mound;
• Surgut;
• Salekhard;
• Nizhnevartovsk.

It is more convenient and cheaper to fly to Yekaterinburg. Flights there from Moscow costs from 8,000 RUB in both directions, and from St. Petersburg - from 13,500 RUB. Time on the way is about 2 hours.

When choosing a ticket, you can see the offers of various airlines and to other cities in, sometimes there are good discounts. In these areas fly "Aeroflot", "Russia", S7, "Victory", "Ural Airlines", Utair and many other airlines flying. They, like other suggestions for the dates you need, you can see.

By train

By train will have to go long: one and a half days from Moscow and almost two of St. Petersburg. If you take the same Ekaterinburg for the purpose, then from Moscow, the reservedholder in the most simple compositions will cost from 1 500 RUB, the coupe - from 3,000 RUB, and sv - from 10,000 RUB per ticket one way. From the northern capital, tickets will be more expensive for 500-1,000 RUB. Trains are departed from various stations: from Moscow mainly from Yaroslavl, Kazan or Belarusian, and from St. Petersburg - from Moscow or Ladoga.

It should be borne in mind that the northern cities ride longer. In general, the train is less convenient than the plane, but it makes stops and at small stations, so you can choose a more convenient option, especially if you are traveling to the mountains.

I advise you to overpay and drive on corporate trains, as the difference in conditions will be very large. For example, very good branded trains "South Ural", "Yamal", "Tomich", etc.

Bus

By bus to the Urals, you can get to Ufa, but the road will take about 30 hours, and it will cost about 3,000 RUB. Therefore, I would simply not recommended this option.

Car

But on the car, if you wish, you can get there. Best plan the road so to stop for the night in major cities and watch them.

From Moscow

If you go from the capital, then you will spend a little more than a day on the way. Put 7,000-8,000 RUB on gasoline.

Road covering along the routes is greatly different. For example, drivers love ride through, even making a hook, precisely because of good roads. In general, it's easier to go from Moscow. Roads mostly four-band.

Prompt:

Ural - Time now

The difference in the clock:

Moscow - 4.

Kazan - 4.

Samara - 3.

Ekaterinburg - 2.

Novosibirsk 0.

Vladivostok 3.

When the season. When it is better to go

Travel time also needs to be chosen depending on your goals. If you want to relax on the lakes or go hiking to the mountains, it is better to ride in the summer. Ski fans will suit winter holidays. And to examine cities and museums, you can safely go at any time of the year.

It is worth considering the moment that the Urals stretches from the north to south, so at different parts of its parts the climate will differ significantly. In the southern parts of you are waiting for almost Kazakh heat, and in Northern - the real pan.

Interestingly, the ridges themselves become a natural obstacle when moving the air masses, so the weather in the Western and Eastern slopes will also be varied. Much more precipitation falls on the western part, and the dry, continental climate prevails on the East.

Ural in the summer

In the main part of the Urals, the summer is warm and sufficiently dry weather. The average temperature is kept in the area of \u200b\u200b+ 18 ° C, but there are very hot days. Water in the lakes is usually heated by mid-July.

Those who want to climb the mountains, you need to take warm things with you, even in the hottest season. Although the vertices are not too high (even the greatest mountain does not exceed 2,000 meters, and mostly it is height from 1,000 to 1,500 meters, more detailed information will be given below), the sweater may be required. And in the northern part there are areas of permafrost.

Ural in autumn

In the fall in the Urals very beautiful: gold foliage, redheads. At the beginning of the season, it is warm and dry weather - Classic Indian Summer, but by mid-October, strong rains begin even in the southern regions. And quickly cold.

The north the locality in which you go, the most likely there will be cold for November.

Ural Spring

True spring comes to the Urals in April. March is also as a rule, cold and winter. But the snow is actively melting, it becomes sunny and wet.

In the spring, the latitudes difference feels especially strongly: trees can bloom in the south, while in the north is still snow.

Ural winter

Winter in the Urals Snowy, Frosty and sunny. In polar zones, the temperature sometimes lowers even up to -50 ° C, and in the southern part, the average degree is kept at -22 ° C. But even here the snow lies more than 170 days a year.

Despite the fact that still every winter because of the frosts, at least a few days, schools do not work, the cold is not felt here as critical as in other regions.

Conditional areas. Descriptions and features

The following areas are distinguished in the mountain range (from the south to north):

• Mudgowlars (yellow on the map);
• Southern Urals (green);
• Middle Urals (blue color);
• Northern Urals (red);
• Polar Urals (purple color);
• Polar Ural (pink color);
• Pai-hoi (orange color).

So, if you are not a professional tourist and just want to get acquainted with the most interesting region, it is worth staying in the Southern and Middle Urals. A well-prepared, hardy and physically strong travelers will be interested in the Supolar Urals.

What are the prices for rest

If you are going to relax on the Urals from both capitals, you will like the prices. It is impossible to say that everything is completely cheap, but prices are definitely lower. As a rule, the greater the city, the more expensive everything is in it, but there are exceptions.

So, several articles of the main costs:

• Accommodation. In small cities, good hotels are from 2,000 RUB per day, and the apartment can be removed for 1,000 RUB, as a rule, regardless of the number of residents. In large cities there are hostels, where they stop for 350 RUB, rooms in hotels 2-3 * cost from 2,000 RUB, and in luxurious five-star hotels, the rooms are passed in just 5,000 RUB. The apartments will cost 1,000-1,500 RUB per day. Select and book accommodation is convenient for. Check Prices for apartments are available, and compare the cost of rooms in hotels.
• Food. Food is also inexpensive. In the cafe you can eat for 400-600 RUB, and if you get to business lunch, you can meet in 150 RUB. In prices, prices are slightly lower than in the capitals, but not so sensible.
• Excursions Typically, they are organized by prior arrangement and pay for the entire group. You can save, finding yourself a company. Prices - from 500 RUB, depending on the subjects and directions.
• Taxi, as in many other cities is official and private. The minimum trip cost is 50 RUB. For example, from Chelyabinsk airport to the city center can be reached in 380 RUB. If you plan to go with a private owner, discuss the cost in advance.

Main attractions. What to see

Ural usually attracts tourists with its nature. Here, indeed, very picturesque, so it is on the mountainous edge to make the main focus when planning a visit. But to perceive the entire region, it is worth a visit and cities, you can also find a lot of interesting things.

I will try to talk about the most - about those places that cause the greatest response from travelers.

Top 5.

Allocate only five interesting places in such a large region. Especially when she lived in it for 17 years. But my top 5 looks like this:

1. - They say about him that if you were in the Urals, but were not on Taganay, then you were not in the Urals. If you want to see the mountains, experience yourself on the foot of the route (there are multi-day and complex, and there are accessible to everyone), see the stone rivers and understand why these mountains are called the "stand for the Moon", namely it is translated from the Bashkir word "Taganay", Come in Zlatoust. Next to this small, cozy Ural city begins the national park of about 57,000 hectares, the territory of which covers the northern part of the separate South Ural mountain ranges. Relicted ate is growing in the park, there are several mountain ranges and other unique geological objects, "flow" stone rivers - long (up to 6 km) Kuruma, so called the accumulations of acute-angular blocks, fully covering the surface. On Taganay, a large stone river consisting of Aventurine is especially known. More detailed information You can get on the official website of the park.
   Admission ticket: 100 RUB, there are benefits. Address: Chelyabinsk Region, G., Pushkinskaya village, Departure to the side of the village. Magnet. In the navigator you need to score the address: ul. Bazhova, d. 19.
2. Arkim - Ancient settlement related to the III-II millennia BC. He enters the "country of cities", so called the complex of ancient settlers of the era of medium bronze. Arkim lies in the Chelyabinsk region and is distinguished by well-preserved fortifications and necropals. The city was built in a circle with a diameter of 170 meters, it was a kind of fortress, inside the walls of which people lived. All information about excursions and the rules of visiting can be found on the official website of the complex.
   Address: Chelyabinsk region, Bredensky district, Arkim Reserve.
3. - The most famous lake of the Urals. Not only is it incredibly beautiful, it is also considered the second clean in Russia after Baikal. The lake is also in the Chelyabinsk region, not far from the city. The surface area of \u200b\u200bwater is more than 26 square kilometers, and its transparency reaches 17 meters. These are really impressive indicators. Unfortunately, recently the environmental situation in the region is worsening, and the quality of water suffers after it. But for travelers, these places still remain among the most beautiful in the world.
   Address: Chelyabinsk Region, Lake, 20 km north of Miass.
4. Ilmensky Reserve - Another stunning place near Miass. This is a very large state mineralogical reserve, which was founded in 1920. The biggest interest here are stone deposits in which Topases, sapphires, aquamarines and many other minerals are found, 16 of which were open in these territories for the first time in the world. Many plant and animal species of the Ilmensky reserve are listed in the Red Book. And here there is a very cool museum in which you can see more than 9,000 exhibits. The site near the reserve is still modest, but it will help to navigate.
   The entrance ticket to the adult museum costs 100 RUB. Address: Chelyabinsk Region, Miass, Ilmensky Reserve.
5. Yeltsin Center Opened in Yekaterinburg quite recently, in 2015, but receives almost unanimous enthusiastic reviews. This is the first modern public, cultural and educational space of such a scale in the Urals. In addition to the Museum of Boris Yeltsin, an art gallery with regularly updated exhibitions, a bookstore, a library, cafe, a coworking, a park of scientific entertainment, are trained, lectures, concerts and festivals. Even those who are not interested in politics will find many attractive events here, the schedule on the site is really wonderful.
   The entrance ticket to the adult museum costs 200 RUB, in the gallery - 100 RUB, and a complex ticket - 250 RUB. The center offers guests a number of paid excursions and other services. Address: Sverdlovsk region, Yekaterinburg, ul. Boris Yeltsin, 3.

National Parks, Reserves and Natural Attractions

Start standing with the fact that there are 16 reserves in the Urals, 6 national and 13 natural parks. It's a lot! This means that a very large territory of such a large region of Russia is under guard. At the same time, it is not possible to enter all the reserves to enter all reserves, or a special permission is required for it.

Nevertheless, in the Urals there remains many areas of the territories affecting their beauty for the visit. I will tell you about some of them (about Taganay National Park, the Ilmensky Reserve and Arcaima can be read in Top-5):

• nature Park "Oleni streams" - This is a specially protected area in the south-west of the Sverdlovsk region area of \u200b\u200babout 12,000 hectares. Here you can visit several rocks and caves, see tracks of parking of an ancient person and Demidov mines, as well as several modern, but not bad inscribed in the landscape of sculptures. Comfortable pedestrian routes are laid in the park, on the official website you can find all the necessary information.
  Adult entrance ticket costs 180 RUB. Address: Sverdlovsk region, Nizhnesherginsky district, pos. Bahukovo, ul. Station, 1.
• Sugomak caveit is famous for what is considered the only cave in the Urals, which is formed in marble water with water. Several grotts (it used to be believed that their three, but in July 2017 the fourth, as well as the possible fifth grotto) was found with narrow transitions. More than 120 meters of marble walls are hiding behind an unspoken entrance, some of which are covered with ice stalagmites in winter. For unprepared travelers, only the first two grotes are open, as in order to get into the third, you need to move vertically up with the help of climbing equipment.
  Address: Chelyabinsk region, Kyshtym, Eastern Sugomak Mountainside (9 km from the city center).
• Kungur Ice Cave We will interest those who want something torshable. This is a unique geological monument - a very large karst cave. Only for tourists are openly 1.5 km of the route, and the total length of the cave is almost 6 km. It occurs in it 58 grots, 70 underground lakes and 146 "organ pipes", so call the high, almost reaching the surface of the mine. This is a real labyrinth, covered with ice stalactites and stalagmites. Even in hot weather you need to warm to visit the cave, as the average temperature there is only +5 ° C, and in the first grumps there are even negative temperatures. In the cave you can visit a variety of excursions.
  A tour of the sightseeing tour for an adult costs 600-700 RUB. Address: Perm Krai, G., Village Philippovka.
• Yighd V. - The largest Ural National Park (about 2,000,000 hectares), lying on the slopes of the Northern and Polar Urals. On the territory you can go through several hiking and water tourist routes, the museum and information center also works. This is usually coming for a few days, as it is not easy to get to the place. Be sure to get permission to visit the park, the documents are sent in advance, since the deadline is 10 days. This is done in order to keep records of visitors and to detect lost on time. All information can be obtained on the official website of the park.
  The entrance ticket costs 100 RUB. Address: Komi Republic, you can travel through the cities of Vuktyl, Inta or Pechora, you will definitely get detailed information on how to get to the park.
• Schulgan-Tash - This is a natural biosphere reserve in the foothills of the Southern Urals in Bashkortostan. One of the few reserves opened to the visit. He is especially interesting to the fact that the cave with rock painting of the Paleolithic era was found. For tourists, not only this cave is open, but also a museum-excursion complex and part of the territory, all information can be obtained on the official website.
  The main excursion ticket costs from 180 to 320 RUB, depending on the season and day of the week. Address: Republic of Bashkortostan, Burziansky district, D. Irgizly, ul. Reserved, d. 14.
• The idyllic picture of these beautiful places is diluted, literally laughing in it East Ural Radiation Reserve. It is closed to visit a place, about which it is still impossible not to mention the painting for completeness. In 1957, the largest radiation accident occurred at the Mayak plant in the Urals. It is compared to the scale with Chernobyl, although here the release was slightly smaller. Nevertheless, the infamous VURS (East-Ural radioactive footprint) infected the territories of 300x10 km. The catastrophe was classified for many years. The reserve closed to visit is about 17,000 hectares and so far most of the territory refers to the environmental disaster zone. True, the lack of people in the territory has been beneficial on the plant and animal world.

Museums. What are you worth a visit

Museums in the Urals also a lot. Almost all of them are in relatively large cities, but you can find interesting places in small villages. Seeding about the most memorable:

Also deserve attention to:

Lake

It is impossible to imagine a visit to the Urals without lakes. If you are going to this edge in the summer, be sure to highlight a few days to rest on the shore of the lake. In the cold season, water freezes, but you can visit these places just to admire the nature. About the most amazing of lakes - Turgoyak - I have already told in the "Top-5" section, but there are others here picturesque places. For those who are going for a few days, there are simple accessible to the price of the turbase, and expensive, luxury hotels. Here is my list of Ural Treasures:

Unusual sights

In addition to classic attractions, in the Urals, there are strange, surprising, funny or just those who are difficult to attribute to some category, but I want to mention them:

Neighboring regions

The Urals is a very large region, the boundaries of which are determined quite conditionally, and more accurately there are different interpretations. In a broad sense, the neighbors can be called:

But it is unlikely that all this can be fit into one trip: too long distances and not always convenient transport links.

Food. What to try

The location and saturated history of the region significantly affected the Ural cuisine: she absorbed Slavic notes, and Turkic accents, and Finno-Ugric details.

The first thing comes to mind (probably because of the name of the KVN team) - ural dumplings. This is a really very popular local dish, which can now be found everywhere.

For meat lovers here, the present expanse - in addition to traditional species, you can try in the Urals duck, pike, boar, venison and even membrane. Such an approach to food, of course, is an amateur, but if you wish to find institutions where such dishes can be prepared.

Many mushrooms and berries are growing in local forests, therefore dishes with them are very popular, especially baking: culebyaka, Shang, Kourni and small roasted patty with funny for modern man title Pokirikchik (very juicy filling splashed).

From vegetables, people have eaten a lot of potatoes, radish and cabbage.

In winter, soups were very thick and welded, and in the spring - light and green: real hit - young nettle soup.

Of course, it is not necessary to think that now in every house dine lesions and berries with swamps. At ordinary people, the table is also quite simple and much different from dinners of residents of other regions, and most of the cafes and restaurants specialize in European cuisine.

For those who prefer to prepare independently, food stores and markets work. Supermarkets in the Urals are exactly the same as in any city of Russia, there are small branded shops of local products (for example, you can buy the same dumplings), and the markets have become almost everywhere and quite good. Products compared to both capitals, cheaper.

Features mentality

Ural mentality devoted entire research. I like a person who grew up in those edges is difficult to abstract so much to confidently talk about it. But after almost 10 years of life in St. Petersburg and countless trips around the world, I can say one thing: people in the Urals, indeed, special:

Of course, all these features are stronger than the older generation, and young people are more cosmopolitan. Well, of course, it should always be understood that every person is special, and all the generalizations, in fact, are very conventional.

And, yes, if you want to witness about the "harsh Chelyabinsk" anything, it is not worth it - it is not funny for a long time. This is me like a person who lived in Chelyabinsk for five years, I say!

Holidays

National, and folk and religious holidays are widely celebrated in the Urals. In this regard, it differs little from other regions of the country. The only nuance: as very different peoples lived here, then the holidays are different - Russian, Tatar, Bashkir, etc.

I would like to tell about several events that, with difficulty, fall into the category of holidays, but, of course, deserve attention:

Also here come:

• Ural industrial biennale of contemporary art In Yekaterinburg and on sites in other cities (different dates in the fall).
• Festival of documentary "Flaertiana" in Perm (September).
• "Not dark" - Festival of light in Yekaterinburg (December).
• Run to the skyscraper "Vysotsky" In Yekaterinburg (September).
• Festival of bell tons "Ufalesky Blagovest" in Upper Ufalee (September).
• Blueberry festival and blueberry cake In Krasnovishersk (August).

Safety. What to beware is worth

There are no special dangers that differ from other regions of Russia in large cities. But in nature you need to be careful:

Things to do

If the nature is tired of admiring nature, legs were tired of hiking, and all interesting museums have already been examined, you can also find other activities: from simple unhurried walks around the city to memorable delicious dinners in restaurants, from cozy evenings in bars to a concert of some legendary Ural rocker or dance until the morning.

And you can still go buy souvenirs, because here they are just awesome!

Shopping and shops

None of the city in the Urals can not be called the capital of the shopping, with a small stretch to this group, it is possible to attribute. Although shopping centers And there are many shops here, and prices are low. Therefore, if you see that your favorite brand is represented in the city where you are heading, it makes sense to go and see something, most likely get saved.

Mass market stores are mainly distributed, but sometimes luxury brands are also found. Naturally, the greater the city, the greater the variety of goods there is represented.

Remember that price in the northern regions is usually higher than in the southern. This is due to the fact that in the north above wages, many local residents Even go there for earnings.

Bars

There are a lot of bars in the Urals, but their level can vary very much: from expensive, elite places where delicious drinks are served, offer a good service and an interesting program, to beers, where it is terrible to go, and where will the company make you that local alcoholics. In this regard, the Urals, unfortunately, is no different from the rest of Russia.

It is better and more pleasant to those bars in which concerts are held, there is a good contingent there and it happens indeed, it is interesting.

The general trend is all the same: in big cities there are more opportunities to find a civilized place for a party.

Clubs and nightlife

Honestly, I absolutely do not know what to tell you about the Ural nightclubs, except that they are and there are a lot of them. You can dance in large and small cities. The level is mostly medium and above average.

But but I have something to say about the Ural music, or rather rock music. Everything, probably, know about the Sverdlovsk Rock Club, in which such groups as "Nautilus Pompilius", "Agatha Christi", "Nastya", "Tea", "Semantic Hallucinations",, etc. were held in different years.

Sverdlovsk Rock Club is called a phenomenon, and Yekaterinburg, indeed, became a homeland for many musicians and their teams. By the way, the famous musical critic and producer Mikhail Kozyrev was born in the same city, who at one time was the general producer of a number of radio stations.

And even now in the Urals there are some good groups, although, in general, according to my personal feelings, Russian Rock is now experiencing not better than the best times. But the Urals still holds.

Extreme sports

Of course, the main type of winter extreme recreation is all varieties of winter sports: from the skiing and snowboard, which will be discussed in the relevant section, to cross-country skiing, skates, biathlon, winter fishing and everything that can be represented. But these are the activity of the Urals are not limited.

Where there are mountains, of course, mountaineering and climbing should be developed. Here it is indeed very popular. There are training sites for newbies, there are serious rises for professionals. Fans of this sport come to the Urals and work out and relax.

At the same time, if you do not know how and do not plan to learn to use climbing equipment, it does not mean that the mountains are closed for you. Many tracks are laid in such a way that they will be convenient to people with any level of sports training, there are even places where you can get on a wheelchair or with a pram.

On lakes are actively developing water species Sports: Here you can ride water skiing, go wakeboarding and even take a couple of diving lessons.

Souvenirs. What to bring as a gift

Choosing souvenirs in the Urals is very interesting. Here you do not survive the idea in my head to bring as a gift, but stop yourself so as not to buy everything:

And, of course, in local stores and more standard souvenirs are presented: magnets, thimbles, chocolate, candy and much more.

How to move around the region

Since the Urals is a very large region, it seems that there should be conveniently moved by plane between major cities. In fact, it is not. Air communication inside the region is bad, if not to say, which is generally absent, and almost all flights fly with a change in Moscow.

But it is very convenient to move around the railway, on buses and cars.

Taxi. What features exist

In the cities of a taxi is inexpensive, in addition, this method can be convenient for traveling. But for long distances the trip will turn the impressive spending. Nevertheless, in some cases, a taxi remains almost the only way to get to remote areas.

The market presents both companies and private owners. Most drivers work without a meter, the cost of the trip must be discussed in advance. In long-distance travel, often asked prepayment when landing into the car. It's a bit strange, but there was never any problems on my experience: it's not done in order to land a passenger somewhere on the track, but simply to make sure that he has money, and he is going to give them away. But it is still better to trust the official taxi services to avoid danger.

The trip is almost always paid in cash if you need to pay the card, be sure to specify it in advance.

Public transport

Public transport is represented by trains, electric trains and buses.

Trains

On trains it is most convenient to move between big cities, although almost all compositions make stops and at small stations, so you can get the best route. Basically go to reserved and coupling cars, sometimes meets St.

For example, I will give a couple of trains:

• from Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg can be reached in 5 hours and 530 RUB in a placentar or 1,600 RUB in a coupe;
• from Zlatoust to Tyumen Trains go from 11 to 15 hours and cost about 800 RUB for film place And about 1,600 RUB for the verse.

Tickets are better to buy in advance - they usually terminate quickly.

Electrics

Small cities and stations connect the train. They are not too comfortable, but inexpensive. For example, a ticket from Chelyabinsk to Miass costs 230 RUB.

Buses

This is another good option. Their network is developed on perfectly, although the transport itself leaves the best. At times, it means "how lucky": can come a modern, comfortable bus, and maybe an old flavoring or general "Gazelle". Tickets are also recommended to buy in advance, especially if you are traveling on Sunday-Monday from small cities in big and on Friday-Saturday in the opposite direction: students go to study and to parents.

Transport rental

Car rental points in the Urals work mainly in large cities and are represented by local companies. The rented car is a fairly convenient way of movement in the region, so many tourists choose it.

The cost depends on the brand of the car, year of release, other characteristics, as well as the deadline for which you take the car. Basically, the price is approximately 1,500-2,000 RUB per day. At the same time, you probably ask for a deposit of 15,000-20 000 RUB. The car, as it should be, must be handed over with full gasoline tank, besides, some companies impose restrictions on daily mileage. With the proposals of rollingrs in the city you need can be found, for example,.

Sometimes a more reasonable solution can take the car along with the driver, especially true for those who are not confident in their skills.

The first thing that is interested in motorists is the quality of roads. In the Urals, they can be the most different: from the perfect coating to the complete absence of at least the minimum asphalt. In general, the rule works: the more location, the better the road, although there are exceptions.

Those who plan to travel to nature is better to take an SUV. And it is necessary to remember that the entries are limited to many protected areas or is prohibited.

There are almost in every city parking, but many are parked on the streets. There are no paid parking, but the rules are still worth it!

The movement as a whole is not overloaded, the traffic jams are only in large cities, and compared to the capitals they are very small. Although every year cars are becoming more and more.

Ural - rest with children

The Urals are well suited for recreation with children - there is clean air, many lakes and nature, as well as interesting entertainment, which will like the kids. Regardless of the season, you will certainly find something for your children.

You can select the following types of rest suitable for travelers with children:

The Ural is a very "children's" region, people here give birth earlier than in the capitals, and children are generally more, therefore there are a lot of entertainment for them;

Echo;

Hedgehog;

Waugs;

Zavyaliha

Mratosno;

Sneakfully;

Tamman;

Chekeril.

Almost all resorts work all year round, but in the summer they offer other species active rest Outdoors.

Ski pass

The cost of riding is different at different resorts, so I propose to navigate in three most famous.

Abzakovo

Despite popularity, one of the most affordable resorts. Ski pass for the whole day here is 900 RUB on weekdays and 1 300 RUB on weekends.

Bunny

Ski-pass for 4 hours costs 1,100 RUB, and for the whole day - 2 000 RUB. At the same time, for entry into the territory takes 100 RUB from the car.

Sunny Valley

This is one of the most dear resorts. Ski-pass sold for 4 hours and cost 900 RUB on weekdays and 1,500 RUB on weekends. Subscriptions on the lift are sold at a price of 1,200 RUB for 10 lifts and 2 500 RUB for 25. At the entrance to the territory will have to pay 100 RUB from the machine.

For those who live nearby and plans to often come to the slopes, offer seasonal registered subscriptions, the cost is from 27,500 RUB. The ticket is valid for the whole season (from mid-November to mid-April) on all routes and lifts. True, at such a price it is possible to buy a subscription until mid-September.

Tracks

Each resort of the Ural offers a different route along the length and complexity. I will talk about the features of the three most popular places.

Abzakovo

A very large and very famous resort of the Urals, which is located on the eastern slope of the Range of Krykty-Tau not far from Magnitogorsk. His main feature is a very long season, which continues from November to May. Optimally come here in February-March. The resort has 13 trails with a total length of 18 km. The maximum height difference is 320 meters. There are slopes for beginners, snowboarding, slalom, etc.

In addition, the resort has 8 lifts, however, just one of them is a chair, as well as a baby elevator. There is no night skating, as well as other types of winter activities: skating rink, biathlon shooting, running tracks, snowmobiles and tubing.

The resort has several hotels, rent rooms in private homes (book in advance!), Inventory rental, workshop for its repair, cafe, restaurants, parking and storage. You can hire an instructor.

Bunny

This resort is located very high in the mountains on the shore of the lake of the same name, too nearby Magnitogorsk. If you wish, you can visit both resorts. For recreation, it is well suited from the beginning of December to mid-April.

The tracks here are only 4, a total length of 2.5 km, but the height difference is more than at the next - 450 m. There is a slope for children and beginners. The resort is equipped with a modern high-speed lift with cabins for 8 people.

Exditional services are available: Snow Park, Tubing, Hafpipe, equipment rental and its repair, cafes, storage, medical center and instructor services. Housing here is mainly removed from individuals.

Sunny Valley

The very famous resort of the Southern Urals, which is located near Miass and Syrostan, about 100 km from Chelyabinsk. Athletes come here from November to May, ideally plan a visit for weekdays, as on weekends in the resort is very crowded.

It employs 6 main tracks, a slope for children and a separate training hill. There is also a snowpark, hafpipe and skir-cross tracks and slapstiles. The total length of the tracks is 7 km, and the height difference is relatively small - 230 m. In total, 12 lifts of different types are operating in the resort. Additionally, tubing, kids club, parking, cafes and equipment rental work.

Right on the territory of the resort you can rent a cottage or rent housing in the private sector.

5 things that need to be done in the Urals

Probably, after all of the foregoing, you thought that in order to study this region in detail, you need to go there at least for several months. Of course, everything will not see everything, you need to choose what is closest to you. But there are things that can not be missed in the Ural under any circumstances:

Urals - inhomogeneous, bright and unequivocally deserving the visit of the region, which is perhaps something will surprise you, but will not disappoint and will disappoint and will open before your eyes what you have never seen.

And finally, here's a big stone river with tagana!

Have something to add?

One of the most famous sights of the Urals. This unique geological natural monument is located in the Perm Territory. It is not by chance that every year in the cave there are more than 90,000 inquisitive guests, because no her Russian "sister" does not have such a rich history. In addition, the route in the Kungur cave is considered one of the most convenient "cave routes" of our country. All over the entire electricity, laid tracks are laid, for security reinforcements. In winter, intricate icy formations are formed here - stalactites, stalagmites. In order to see these bizarre creations of nature, best attend the Kungurst Cave in February or March.

2. Ilmensky Reserve

The richest "mineral box" of the world. This territory is rightly called the environmental property of our country, the reserve is in the list of the five most significant tourist destinations of Russia. He awarded such a matter for the fact that on a rather small area of \u200b\u200bthe complex was collected over two hundred species of minerals, many of which are quite rare.

Landscape-historical reserve, located in the Chelyabinsk region. Remains of one of the most ancient civilizations of Eurasia. The rarest species of plants and animals are preserved within the boundaries of the reserve. Every year more than 30 thousand tourists arrive here - in order to look at the monuments of archeology, as well as climb the mountain of love and the mountain of reason.

4. National Parks

In the territory of this fleet, invaluable environmental systems were preserved in an almost primordant form - mountain tundra here are adjacent to the relict forests. The picturesque landscapes of Tagana admired and continue to admire numerous scientists and travelers.

Hydroelectric station of the early XX century. The natural and industrial complex, there are unique equipment and mechanisms in working condition. Located under the protection of UNESCO as an international monument of history and culture.

6. Ignatievskaya Cave

The most frequently visited cave in the country. Every year over 1.5 thousand people come here. Under her arches, the oldest "Picture Gallery" of the Urals of the Paleolithic Epoch is located. The Ignatievsk cave is included in the list of facilities that are under special protection of the state.

7. Blue mirrors

The Chelyabinsk region located in the south of the Urals can be rightfully called Russian Switzerland, which can boast not only a significant amount of lakes (over 3100), but also the heterogeneity of their origin. The most famous lakes of the Urals:

Turgoyak. The deepest and cold of the lakes of the edge with the island-sanctuary. Water is comparable in purity with Baikal. Turgoyak is included in the list of the most valuable lakes in the world.

Zyuratkul. Per extraordian beauty This lake is called "Ural Ricz". More than 10 parking of an ancient person are open on its shore.

8. Ski resorts

Ural - Mountain Region. Therefore, it is no coincidence that a record number of the country's ski resorts is concentrated here. The largest of them are known not only in Russia.

Abzakovo. Picturesque nature, mountains, lakes - thousands of tourists come here here. Excellent opportunity to visit international snowboarding competitions and parallel slalom.

Bath. Comfortable resort with developed infrastructure - everything is here.

Zavyili. Perfect for family holiday: 10 tracks of varying complexity, a slope for beginners, equipped with a special towing lift.

In the valley of the Bashkir River Ai, this unique cave complex is located. A large number of caves, canopies and grotts, parking of the stone century. The largest archaeological complex in Russia. On the territory of the complex and in its surroundings 13 excursion routes were laid.

10. Tourist route "In the footsteps of cosmic aliens"

The heavenly algered who exploded in the sky over Chelyabinsk, left behind a lot of fragments. Since the time of the Tungusian meteorite, this is the largest alien body that fell on the ground. After this event, people of different ages, from different cities and countries, rushed to search for fragments of the fallen celestial body. Several tourist routes were laid at the meteorite fall site.

It has long been considered the Urals.

In the Urals gathered his army of Pugachev, the family of the last Russian king died, drowned Chapaev, Yeltsin was born and the song "Goodba, America" \u200b\u200bwas written. To the march of Yermak, Russia ended Russia, and now it ends Europe. Antique historians searched in these mountains. The Blessed Country of Hyperboree, the Bashkir Sauzers Urals seemed to be a giant belt with pockets made of jewels, theosophists considered his pranodina of humanity, Mounting craftsmen here was the hostess of the Copper Mountain with green, like Malachite, eyes, gold killers saw fiery cave pointing golden Veins.

Ural tales smoothly flow into reality: the owners of the hostess of the copper mountain - the largest industrial region, historical Center Metallurgy, mining and mechanical engineering. The connoisseurs of industrial landscapes in the Urals will be no less interesting than lovers of mountains, fantastic stories and gems.

Sterlitamak will allow a little to relax from the powerful Ural "Industrial": the town has not been officially recognized as the greatest and comfortable in the country. Under Sterlitamak raise Shikhans - Sacred Mountains for a wide range of public: geologists around them almost pray.

To see a real endless steppe, you need to go to Orenburg. This city remembers not only the siege of Pugacheva, the visit of Pushkin to Dale and Soldier Taras Shevchenko, but also Yuri Gagarin - the first cosmonaut learned in Orenburg to fly and played a wedding, so his memorial museum works here.

According to administrative division, Orenburg region is also not in the Urals, but in the Volga Federal District, as well as Udmurtia. The capital of Udmurtia Izhevsk is an ancient city of gunsmiths. It was in Izhevsk that the mass production of the legendary AK-47 Mikhail Kalashnikov began, now - the most famous citizen of Izhevsk. But Izhevsk is known and a completely peaceful product: residents of neighboring cities and areas are very valued Izhevsk ice cream.

Kurgan contributes to the piggy bank of the Ural legends. According to legend, he stands on the site of the Tsarev settlement, where the daughter of the Goldenopaan Khan Kadyr is buried. Anyone who throws her grave will die. All tombs have already died, the grave itself is also not preserved, and modern mummy curses are not afraid of and walking on the Kurgan hill on holidays. But first of all, Kurgan is known as the capital of "medical tourism" - in the center, founded by genius Gabriel or Patients from all over the world.

Wooden gods and dark aura ancient Perm inspire modern artists, in recent years actively trying to turn Perm into another cultural capital. For those who prefer traditional art relevant, under Perm there is a Museum Khokhlovka - Ural Alternative to Kizham, the Museum of Northern Outdoor Architecture. Tourists have long and willingly go there. As in the town of Kungur, look at the Kungur Ice Cave and summer festival balloons.

Ural remains one of the most convenient and accessible to the tourism of the regions: from Moscow to any Ural city can fly by plane for three hours or drive a train per day. Mountains stretched out two thousand kilometers from the ocean deep into the mainland, low and old, volcanoes and earthquakes here. The highest point of the Urals is the People's Mountain (1895 m) on the Supolar Urals, on the border of the Komi Republic and the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. Ural calmed down long before people came here. Rest in these mountains is relatively safe, not counting avalante in the North and Supolar Urals.

On the middle and southern Urals of tourists there are many databases and ski resorts. Here, as in Altai, Kurubnikov meets (Mount Jaremel, from the Zyuratkul Ridge) - Stone Rivers, "Swim" for which you can without special equipment and climbing skills. If you feel the top or alloys on real mountain rivers, your path lies through Magnitogorsk, Beloretsk, Miass, Sim, Asha or Kropachevo. There is only an airport in Magnitogorsk, but this is not a misfortune: traveling by rail or by car, you can see even more.

Important

Despite the fact that the Ural Mountains are calm and relatively low, they do not tolerate carelessness and deal. Traveling "savages" is possible only with special equipment. In history entered mysterious death The tourist group of Igor Dyatlov in 1959: nine people for unknown reasons almost without equipment left the tent and frozen. Every year tourists are dying on Mount Jaremel. Extremely dangerous, even for trained tourists, campaigns to the abyss of Sumagan. Almost every year, climbers break off from the rocks of Aigira. Kurumniki require caution: on rolling stones you can not lay the path, but it is easy to fall.

It will not hurt to consider the rules of behavior and customs of the terrain where you are. The Ural region traditionally belongs national Rep Bashkiria, Udmurty and Komi (although they are not officially entering the Ural Federal District). Alcohol, smoking and too open clothing are not welcome in Islamic Bashkiria. In Udmurtia, where the pagan beliefs are still strong, it is necessary to be careful with ribbons on the trees: the custom of tagging them "for happiness" may insult people if you do it in a larch in the local sacred grove. In the Perm Territory and Komi live very strict Old Believers - be prepared for their extreme restraint.

Local features

The determination of which areas and edges are related to the Urals, and which no, is some difficulty, because the Ural Federal District, the Ural Economic Region and the Geographical Urals have different borders. The federal district includes Kurgan, Sverdlovskaya, Tyumen and Chelyabinsk regions, Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous districts. The economic region includes the Orenburg region, Perm region, Bashkiria and Udmurtia. The historical Urals connects to the priestly and the Sarala - parts of the Komi Republic in the East, the Tyumen region in the West, as well as the territories of Kazakhstan - Aktobe and Kustanay region. The geographical Ural is divided into southern, medium, northern, indoor and polar. In the traditional People's Presentation of Bashkiria, Udmurtia and Perm - certainly the Ural Lands, in contrast to the polar districts.

Indicators "Europe-Asia" in the Urals with a dozen, in different cities, on different rivers and moving. There is no clear boundary between the lights of the light and can not be. According to the latest geographical theories, all Ural Mountains refer to the European part of the mainland. Asia begins after the ridge.

The tourist season in each zone of the Urals begins at different times. The South Ural is available for hiking from the May holidays, but the Polar Urals is best to go in July - the first week of August. At the end of the summer, the campaign season ends.

On the territory of the Polar Urals live (sometimes still nomads) Khanty, Nenets and Mansi. Deerrevodic fishery they have long changed to the entertainment and cognitive service of tourists who are offered and overnight stays in the plague and trips on dogs. Whether real reindeers remained in the Urals, it is difficult to say.

History

People came to the Urals in ancient times - B (Bashkiria) found rock paintings of an ancient person who are at least 14 thousand years old. Scientists find common mythological features in the plots of these drawings, in the text of the National Epos "Ural-Batyr", in the testes of Khantah and Mansi and in Western European mythology. Theosophists of the 19th-20th centuries on this basis were proclaimed the Urals of the Cradle of mankind and the birthplace of the most ancient people of Indoariyev.

Antique writers and historians called the Ural ripeye (or Riped) mountains and had vague ideas about him, partly the corresponding reality. Reality intertwined with fantasies, as in the book of the Senior Pliny, who wrote: "Then the Ripeye Mountains and the area called the Pterophore, because there is constantly snowing, similar to feathers. This part of the world is condemned by nature and immersed in a thick fog; It can only be born cold and stored ice aqualon. Behind these mountains and on the other side of the Aqualon lives, if you can believe, from time immemorial, the happy people called the hyperborean; Tale miracles tell about him. There, they say, there are poles and extreme points of star tract; Half a year there is light, and the sun hides only one day, and not at the time between the spring and autumn equinox, as the unstring people believes. Once a year, on the day of the summer solstice, the sun rises and once, on the day of the winter solstice, sits down. This sunny country with a temperate climate is not susceptible to harmful winds. The hyperboreans live in groves and forests, worship the gods apart and together, they are not familiar with discord and ailments. "

In reality, dozens of tribes, who have been severely influenced by Asian nomads and Mongols lived in the territory of the Urals. Russians got to the Urals in the XI century - spontaneously, then organized. The name of the Ural appeared in the XIV century, it is borrowed from Turkic languages \u200b\u200band means the most likely "mountain belt". The joining of the Urals to Russia was not conquering - the Earth was obeyed for the most part voluntarily, except for the resistance of Bashkir. The first part of the Moscow state entered the Perm Vych Stretch, who had already paid tribute to Novgorod before. Since the XV century, Russians began to settle in the Urals. At first, they were restrained the inaccessibility of the northern regions, but at the very end of the XVI century, after the construction of the Babinovskaya road from Solikamsk to the upper reaches of the tours, the flow of immigrants increased. The Ural population gradually developed from localities, moved and runaway peasants, Cossacks and Old Believers who left the Urals from persecution. It was these people who became the basis of the troops of Emelyan Pugachev. The South Ural was the epicenter of the uprising.

The new history of the Urals is primarily industrial. It is believed that iron here was able to mine and pay ancient times, from the III century AD. In the XVI century, the Stroganov, which took up the welding of salt, came to the Urals, and then metallurgy. In the XVII century, Demidov began to create their own industrial empire. Rudniks and plants arose, cities were built, railway tract branches were laid. There was a period of gold fever. In the vicinity of Miass, so far there is a village of Lake, the so-called "Ural Object" - a branch of Gokhran Russia. In addition, in the Urals for the first time in Russia began to obtain marble.

A special place in the history of the Urals is all associated with minerals and gems. Malachite became a symbol of this edge - largely due to the native of Yekaterinburg Pavel Petrovich Bazhov. His book "Malachite Casket", in addition to all his artistic advantages, gives an idea of \u200b\u200bthe fabulous wealth of the Ural subsoil and traditional Ural crafts. It is believed that in our time the deposits of the Ural gems have been exhausted.

In the XX century, oil was added to the treasures of the Urals. However, it was known about the existence in the oil region for a long time: according to legend, still Peter I sent a keg with an oily black liquid, scored from the marsh of the Pechora lowland, to study the Dutch, which did not come up with applying it. The geological study of the Ural oil began in the year before last, but she ran deeply, and the first well at the village of Chusovsky towns managed to drill, and by chance, only in 1929. Since then, the Bashkiria field, the Orenburg region and the Perm Territory, which are part of the Volga-Ural oil and gas province, were actively developed and to exhausted to our time. Enterprises gradually retrained to work with import raw materials. This does not apply to the Polar Ural oil wells - the richest sources of Russian "black gold".

The battles of the Great Patriotic War, as you know, did not get to the Urals. However, it was in the Urals that, in Magnitogorsk, installed one of the three main monuments to victory. Two are well known for the whole world - this is the Motherland-Mother at Mamaev Kurgan in Volgograd and the "Warrior-Liberator" in the Berlin Trept-Park. And the third monument, the Magnitogorsk "Rear - Front", is less known, although it is precisely the first in Tripthe. After all, the sword of victory in the literal sense "kovali" in the Urals - in Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk ... Each second tank, every third shell and every fourth cartridge was made of Magnitogorsk steel. On the basis of the Ural Carriage Factory, which was transformed into the Ural Tank, was established mass production of famous T-34 tanks. Not only machine-building plants who worked for the front were evacuated to the Urals. Ural cities accepted evacuated and refugees from the European part of the country. The Ural sent a lot of wonderful, courageous, good people to the front - who stood to death near Moscow, and on the Kursk arc that came to Warsaw, Prague and Berlin.

Often, people find themselves in captivity of some words, often used in communication and books (encyclopedias, student and school textbooks), not particularly thinking about their importance.

For example, it would seem, the word "ural" ... it is so familiar and everything seems clear and understandable. But his value is most likely ambiguous. What is the Urals? We will try to find out this in this article.

Ural as a mountainous country

Few is known what the Urals are. it mountain chain More than 2000 meters long. What she has geographical position? It stretches from north to south, dividing among themselves Europe and Asia and the two largest plains - the lowland West Siberian and Russian steppe.

Description Gor.

Ural Mountains - ancient rocksStrongly destroyed by time. The stone belt of these mountains together with the adjacent plains of the Urals is stretched from the north (from the coast of the Arctic Ocean) south to semi-desert territories of Kazakhstan. So what is "Ural"? What marks this word if you translate it from the Turkic language? It means "belt" (more details about the meaning of the word just below). Amazing nature fascinating with its impregnable harsh beauty is all the Urals. Where else can you see such a splendor?

Many of the territories of the Urals are natural reserves, among which the most famous are the following: Zyuratkul, Taganay, Arkim, Aracul, Metal Stone, Kungurskaya Cave, Quarks, Oleni streams. What else is hidden in the word "Ural"? What is it really and what seems to us when we meet with this term?

Ural as region

Officially, the Urals is the geographical region. The main part of this Russian region is the Ural Mountain System. In the southern zone it includes part of the Ural River basin, which flows into the Caspian Sea. There is a region, as noted above, at the junction of Asia and Europe. It begins with the shores of the Kara Sea, and ends in Muurgar (Southern Spruce of the Ural Mountains in Kazakhstan).

With the Urals economically and historically touvenously connected by the Ural and Pre-Ural. These are territories adjacent to it from the East and the West. In all these areas, the following republics, areas and regions of Russia are located: Bashkortostan, Kurgan, Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk and Orenburg region and Udmurtia, the eastern parts of the Arkhangelsk region and the Republic of Komi, the western part of the Tyumen region. In Kazakhstan, the Urals include two areas: Kustanay and Aktyubinskaya.

Regional value

Ural - What is? What is it for Russia in terms of economic? Since the most pressing times, the Ural affects many researchers abundance of a wide variety of minerals, which is the main wealth of these edges.

A huge variety of minerals are kept in their depths of the Ural Mountains. There are copper and iron ores, nickel and chrome, zinc and cobalt, oil and stone coal, gold and other gems. These places have long been represented by the largest mining and metallurgical base of Russia. In addition, huge forest resources can be attributed to the wealth of local seats. The Middle and South Urals have extensive opportunities for agriculture development. This natural region is the most important for all Russia and its citizens.

A little about toponym

There is a huge variety of toponym versions (own name geographical object) "Ural". According to the results of studies of the languages \u200b\u200bof the nationalities living in the region, there is a basic version of the origin of the locality name - such a name is formed from the Bashkir language. And in fact, from all the nations living in these places, this name for a long time exists only at Bashkir and is supported by the legends and traditions of this people (for example, the Ural-Batyr Epos).

Multinational Urals. What is he for other nations? In addition to Bashkir, the rest of the indigenous peoples of these mountains (Komi, Khanty, Udmurts, Mansi) have other names of the Ural Mountains. It is also known that the Russians learned about such a name like Uraltau, it was from Bashkir in the middle of the 16th century, translating him as Araltow Mountain. In this regard, it is assumed that the name of the mountains is connected with the Turkic word "Aral" (translated as the "island") or with Uralmak (translated as "tolerant" or "wagon").

About this amazing "country" called the Urals, you can speak infinitely long. She is dedicated to the works of great writers and poets, famous artists drawn wonderful paintings. A huge number of nature lovers, and its vertices conquer bold and courageous climbers. All nations living in this region have their own unique history and culture, which deserves attention and respect.

Regional value

The Ural has long been attracted and striking researchers abundance of minerals and its main wealth - minerals. Under the land of the Urals there are iron, copper ores, chromium, and nickel, cobalt, and zinc, and stone coal, and oil, gold, and precious stones. The Ural has long been the largest mining and metallurgical database of the whole country. Forest resources include forest riches. South and Middle Urals provide the possibility of agriculture.

This natural region is one of the most important for the lives of Russia and Russians.

Nature features

The hydropower potential of the Ural River (Pavlovskaya, Yumaguzinskaya, Shirokovskaya, Iriklinskaya, and a few small hydropower plants) remains far from fully developed resource.

Rivers and lakes

The rivers belong to the northern ocean pools (on the western slope - Pechora with a mustache, on the eastern - Tobol, Iset, Tura, Lozva, northern savings related to the Ob system) and the Caspian Sea (Kama with Chusovoy and White; Ural River). The rivers of the Western Slope, especially in the North and Supolar Urals, are more perpetual; They are characterized by high and long-lasting (up to 2-3 months) flood in May-June (at the Supolar Urals - in June-July), often turning into high summer floods associated with abundant rains in the mountains. The smallest water content of the rivers of the Eastern Slope of the Southern Urals (some of them dry out in the summer). The duration of the ice station increases from 5 months in the Southern Urals to 7 on the Polar and Polar Urals. Power rivers mainly snow and rain. Most large lakes located on the eastern slope of the Middle and South Urals (Tavatui, Argazy, Wildlows, Turgoyak, etc.; most deep lake Up to 136 m - a big pricker). At the Polar Urals there are small glacial lakes, on the western slope of the Middle Urals - Karst. Urals rivers and lakes have a lot of economic (sources of water supply of settlements and industrial enterprises) and transport value (Kama River, Belaya, Chusovaya - in the lower reaches); Many rivers are used for forest alloy. The chamber created Kamal and Votkin reservoirs.

Types of landscapes, their flora and fauna

Changes in climatic conditions from the north to the south and the nature of the relief, especially the presence of heights of more than 1500 m, are reflected in the change of natural landscapes both in the latitudinal direction (zonality) and vertical (explanation); The change of altitude belts is pronounced than transitions between zones. In the Urals there are steppe, forest and goltish landscapes.

Steppe landscapes are common in the Southern Urals, especially widely on the eastern slope and on the peppercourse. The steppes of meadow, disintegration-turfinoslak, drennozlock, stony. Meadow steppes on ordinary and leached blackloors are developed in the forest-steppe zone and in the lower parts of the mountain slopes. Here they grow out of the difference: a labar of the sixiest, Serpuha Gmelin, a clover Middle and Mountain, from cereals - Mattik meadow, bonfire, and others. The height is closed and reaches a height of 60-80 cm. Many seaspass areas. The meadow steppes to the south are gradually replaced by the disintegration and turf ones; They are developed on fat blacklooks (in the north), and in more southern regions - on ordinary and medium black soils. They are most characteristic of turf cereals, and to the south, due to the increase in dryness, the spreading becomes less typical. In the grasshopped hood (narrow-mounted, John), Typsum, Tyris; From the disengquer - a labaznik of the sixiest, clover mountain, hemorring medicinal and others. The grass is lower than in the meadow steppes, and in the southern direction becomes more sparse. The turfno-lacquered steppes prevail in the most southern, most arid areas, on the southern, places of saltwateted chernozem, as well as on brown soils. Typical washed, Ticachak, tonkon, elegant; There is a small admixture of the dispensing, poor in the species composition. Herbage is low and strongly resolved. The steep chubby slopes of the mountains and hills of the eastern slope of the Southern Urals are usually covered with stony steppes. According to the valleys of steppe rivers, willows grow, echoard, shrubberban. In the steppes are mainly rodents (Susliki, Tushkhank), hare-rusak; From birds - steppe supplied, cannuk, in some places the drought is preserved.

Forest landscapes of the Urals are most diverse. On the western slope, dark-like mining forests predominate (in the southern Urals, mixed and large-scale forests in places), on the eastern slope - light-ohvoy mining forests. The most diverse in the composition of the fores of the forest of the Southern Urals; Here on the eastern slope at an altitude of 500-600 M, the mountain steppes are replaced predominantly light-ohvary, in some places of the pine forests of the ordinary, less frequently of the Sukachev larch; There are a lot of birch in places. The more moistened Western foothills of the Southern Urals are mainly covered with mixed forests on mining gray soils, mixed to the west leached, apodulated and typical black mills. Oaks are represented from broadcast here, Oak Oaks, Ostroland, Lipa Melkolatite, Ilm, Elm; From coniferous - Siberian fir, Spruce Siberian. Someone preserved broadf forests; Diverse undergrowth (Obschina ordinary, coarse brushing). In the forests of thick herbal cover. At an altitude of 500-600 m on the western slope of the Southern Urals, dark-haired forests predominate, above 1200-1250 m - Goltsy with plots of mountain tundra, stone browsing, rocky remains.

On the Western and Eastern Slopes of the Middle Urals, forest landscapes are also unequal. On the western slope, dark-like Siberian forests from spruce and fir siberian, places there are Lipa, Klyon, Ilm, in the undergrowth, the honeysuckle. On average, the Ural region has natural forest-steppe sites (Kungurskaya, Krasnoufim and other forest-steppe), among which are small birch groves. On the eastern slope of the Middle Urals, there are many pine forests, and on the penmarked foothills (especially in the Pyshma and Isti rivers basin), large areas are occupied by birchings and oxes. Darky forests on the eastern slope are less common. In the slides are often sphagnum and hypinous and herbal swamps. Forest landscapes of the Middle and South Urals are strongly changed by the economic activity of man.

The forests of more northern areas of the Urals have been preserved better. On the western slope of the Northern Urals to a height of 800-900 m, the average forests of the eloction of Siberian, less often the fir of the Siberian and Cedar Siberian on weakly podzolic soils are dominated; The undergrowth is developed weakly or is completely absent. Moss is widespread with the predominance of green moss, there are berries (blueberries, cloudberries, ching waters). On alluvial terraces of Kama and Pechoras - pine forests. On the eastern, more arid slope of the Northern Urals, large areas are occupied by pine and larch forests.

On the Polar and Polar Urals in connection with the increase in the severity of the climate, the upper boundary of the forest belt is reduced to 400-250 m. Local mountain north-fitting forests are rather monotonous and consist mainly of ate of Siberian (on a western slope) and pine, from Lichkachev and Siberian (on Eastern slope). Typical lowestness and rustling of forest cover, especially at the top border of the forest belt. Here, when moving to the goltz, frantities are frequent. Forests in places are very wetrated; Safagna swamps prevail.

Animals living in the forests of the Urals in the species are not different from those who inhabit the adjacent plains: elk, brown bear, fox, wolverine, lynx, sable (in the north). Only in the Middle Urals there is a mix of a sable and forest cubage - Kidus. In the forests of the South Urals, badrsuk and black choreke are not uncommon. Reptiles and amphibians live mainly in the South and Middle Urals and are represented by ordinary viper, a borious lizard, etc.; From the birds there are: Ceremc, Tetrayev, Ryabchik, Keedrovka, Cuckoo, ordinary and deaf and others. Singer birds (nightingaws, Gorikhvostka, etc.) arrive at the South and Mid-Urals.

Halt landscapes are presented above the forest belt. Especially widely distributed in the Polar, Polar, and Northern Urals. On the goltsies of the Western, more moisture slope, mossy tundra are more common, at the East Skeleton Goltsy - lichen; In decreases, many sphagnum swamps. An animals in the tundra of the Urals live: Lescent, Obian Lemming; From birds - a Mokhno-legged Kanyuk, Polar Owl, a tundren partridge. In the tundra of the Urals, good summer deer pastures. In the northernmost regions of the Urals, the Golt deserts are also widely developed, almost devoid of vegetation cover (there are precipitated lichens). Here is the abundance of stone placers and rocky remains formed during intense frosty weathera.

History

Legend

"Ural" in Bashkirsky - belt. There is a Bashkir tale of a Giant, which wore a belt with deep pockets. He hid all his wealth in them. The belt was huge. Once the giant stretched it out, and the belt lay through the whole ground, from the Cold Kara Sea in the north to the sandy coast of the Southern Caspian Sea. So the Ural ridge was formed.

In Greek books, written two thousand years ago, it is possible to read about the distant "Rhypsy Mountains", where the sullen vultures will erase the inconspicable gold treasures.

Primitive bureaucracy in the territory of the Urals

The first people appeared in the Urals at the end of the early Paleolithic (about 75 thousand years ago). From late Paleolithic (35-10 thousand years ago) a number of parking lots (Capov Cave) were found. During the neolithic period in the Urals, relative tribes were inserted, among which, apparently, the foundations of Finno-Ugric Language Communication and Mixed (Mongoloid-Caucasoid) anthropological type were formed; In the southern regions there are cattle breeding and hoe agriculture. At the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC e. In the Urals, the production of copper and bronze occurs. The main archaeological cultures of the bronze era: Abashevskaya, Andronovskaya, Balanovskaya, Gorbunovskaya, cutting, turbine. In 8-7 centuries. BC e. The Tribes of the Urals mastered the technique of obtaining iron. There were large unions of the tribes. In the steppes of the South Urals, Sarmati lived, in the forest-steppe primer - the tribes of Kara-Abyzovsky culture, in the Kama region - the tribes of Ananin culture, on the basis of which the Pianoborskaya, Osinsk and Glyadenovsky culture were developed. From 3 c. n. e. In the territory of the Urals, large movements of the ancient population took place. New archaeological cultures appeared: Lomostatovskaya, Poltomskaya, Bakhmutinskaya, Imhenkovskaya, Turaevskaya, Chepetskaya, etc. The population of the Urals had exchange connections with Central Asia, Iran, Byzantia.

Ural during feudalism

At the beginning of the 1st millennium, N.E. In the Urals began the decomposition of the primitive community. The formation of feudal relations was faster from the ancestors of Komi-Permyakov, Udmurts and Bashkir, slower - at Khanty and Mansi. The process of feudalization accelerated the influence of neighboring feudal states - Bulgaria of the Volga-Kama and Russian principalities. At the 14th century It was at Komi-Permyakov, the early referral state association Perm Great, in 15 V. Mansiysk tribes - sang.

At 11 c. Penetration began to the Urals of Russians. In the Northern Urals at the 14th century. Friends of Novgorod Ukkoynikov appeared. Ugra Earth, and then Perm's becoming volosts of the Novgorod feudal republic, the influx of Russian settlers begins to these lands. At the beginning of the 15th century Russian settlements arise on the upper chamber (the Anfalovsky Town, Sol-Khaska). In 1471, the ownership of Novgorod in the Ural region moved to the Moscow State, which was part of which at the end of the 15th century. The top protamia and part of the Udmurt lands entered. After the defeat of the Russian state in 1552 of Kazan Khanate, most of the Bashkiria and the rest of the Kama Udmurtia were voluntaryly entered into Russia. Russian settlements arose: Ufa, Sarapul, etc. In the Kama region there were possessions of Stroganov, who organized the campaigning of the Cossacks of the Cossacks headed by Ermaca, where at the end of the 16th century. There were Russian fortresses - Lozwinsky Town, Pelic, Verkhoturia, etc. from 11 c. Russians called the northern part of the Urals - stone, less often - belt. In the mid-16 - early 17 centuries. The use of the Bashkir name "Ural" entered the Bashkir name, first in relation to southern regions. It is possible that it happened from the Turkic "Aral" - the island. So Turks call all the territory that is different from the surrounding area. Bashkir from the 13th century. There is a legend about the Urals - Batyr (Bogatyr), who sacrificed his life for the happiness of his people, and people poured over his grave Kurgan, from which the mountains of Urals rose. By the end of the 17th century. The Bashkir name "Ural" Russians spread to the whole mountain system.

In the 17th century The Russians settled the lands of the Southern and Middle Urals and the Survival, founding the city of Kungur, the settlement of the new Usolye, the Zaralsk Sloboda Irbites, Shchadrinskaya, Kamyshlovskaya, and others. Russian settlers brought the local population of the Urals more developed agricultural and crafts. The colonization of the Urals contributed to the cessation of internecine military clashes among the peoples of the Urals and the formation of feudal relations, which have developed in 16-17 centuries. But at the same time she led to strengthening the national and social oppression of non-Russian peoples. Mansi, Khanty, Bashkirs were covered with Yasak. A significant part of Komi-Permyakov and Udmurts was dependent on the Stroganov and other Russian feudal feudals. In 16-17 centuries. In the Urals, agriculture has significantly developed, bread-made areas have developed, providing local markets. Most of the processed lands were in the Black-sized peasants, the landowner the scarce was insignificant. The craft developed, a number of its industries turned into small-ware production (woodworking, leather, pottery, blacksmithing, etc.). All-Russian importance acquired the salted industry (Lenva, Solikamsk, new Usolye).

In the 17th century In the Urals, many mineral deposits (iron, copper and other ores) were discovered. Metal from the Ural ores was distinguished by high quality. By the middle of the 17th century. The first rendering and copper smelters appeared. The Russian government drew attention to the Urals as an important raw material base. At the beginning of the 18th century. In the Urals began broad factory construction, caused by the needs of the development of the Russian state and his military needs. At first, government plants were founded: in 1701 - Nevyansky (from 1702 - private) and Kamensky, in 1723 - Yekaterinburg and Yagyashinsky (near Perm). Then there were private plants (Demidov et al.). For the organization and development of the Mining Industry of the Urals at the beginning of the 18th century. Made a lot of V.N. Tatishchev and V.I. Gennin. In the 1st half of the 18th century. In the Urals, 63 metallurgical plants were constructed, in the 50-60s. There are another 67 enterprises. Ural has become the largest mining area of \u200b\u200bRussia. In the 50s. 18 V. Most of the government plants passed to private ownership. Ural plants 18 V. They were manufacturers, the work of serfs and assigned peasants was widely exploited. In connection with the factory construction, new cities emerged (Ekaterinburg; Perm et al.). The Gornozavodsk State Industry of the Urals managed from 1719. Mountain deeds of the Office, from 1734 - the Office of the General Board of Plants. In 1807, a system of mountainous districts led by mining in Perm (until 1830) was created, then in Yekaterinburg. In 1708, the territory of the Urals entered the Siberian and Kazan province. After a number of transformations, the territory of the Urals since 1796 was divided into the Perm and Orenburg province, in 1865 the Ufa Gubernia was formed. At the beginning of the 19th century. In the context of the crisis of the feudal-serf system in Russia in the Urals, the growth rate of production has sharply decreased, factory construction has decreased, the performance of serfdom has fallen. Industrial coup passed in the Urals very slowly. In the 1st half of the 19th century. Here, only the gold mining industry was developed. The largest industrial and trade and craft centers of the Urals were Perm, Ekaterinburg, Orenburg, Ufa, Kungur and Irbit, in which there was the most significant fair in the Urals. By chamber from the 40s. The shipping message began.

Urals during capitalism (2 half half of the 19th century) and imperialism (1900-17)

As a result of the peasant reform of 1861, the Gornozavodskaya peasants of the Urals lost 54% of the land, formerly in their use, the secondary stalls decreased from 2.8 to 1.2 decades. The development of capitalism in the Urals was hampered by significant remnants of serfdom in the village and the Mining and Gornozavodskaya industry (maintaining landlords of latifunds, workers, etc.). In the 2nd half of the 19th century The first joint-stock companies appeared, incl. with the participation of foreign capital. A number of old metallurgical plants were reconstructed and several new ones were built. The gold mining and platinum industry developed, coal mining (Kizelian pool), mechanical engineering (Yekaterinburg mechanical factory, Motovilikhinsky in Perm, Izhevsky, Votkin and other plants), chemical industry (Berezniki soda plant). But in general, the mining industry of the Urals at the end of the 19th century. It was in decline, especially old metallurgical plants that used water energy. Ural lost the importance of the main metallurgical area of \u200b\u200bthe country, losing the south of Russia. In the 2nd half of the 19th century The urban population grew rapidly. Industrial centers developed, who were not officially officially cities (Nizhny Tagil, Votkinsk, Zlatoust, etc.). Railways were built: Samara Orenburg (1876), Gornozavodskaya (1878), Yekaterinburg-Tyumen (1885), Samara-Ufa-Zlatoust-Chelyabinsk (1892), Yekaterinburg-Chelyabinsk (1896 ). At the end of the 19th century In the Urals there were over 300 thousand industrial and railway workers. Part of the proletariat (workers of the mountainous factories) participated in the struggle for land, for better conditions for the use of land and the like. However, the basis of the working movement was the fight against capitalist exploitation; from the 70s. One of its main forms is an economic strike with political demands. In the 70s In the Urals there were several groups of revolutionary populists. In the 2nd half of the 90s. Social-democratic organizations arose in Ufa (1895), Chelyabinsk (Ural Workers Union, 1896), Yekaterinburg (1897), Perm (1898) and other cities. At the beginning of the 20th century Social democratic committees were created (in 1902 - in Perm; in 1903 - in Ufa, Centralouralie - in Yekaterinburg). In 1904, the Conference in Nizhny Tagil created the Ural Regional Committee of the RSDLP. Workers of the Urals actively participated in the revolution 1905-07, the Bolsheviks were led by Ya. Sverdlov and Artyom (F.A. Sergeev). 1 World War II 1914-18. It was hardly affected by the national economy of both all Russia and the Urals. After some revival of military production by the end of 1916, an industrial crisis began in the Urals, accompanied by a lack of fuel, devouring transport, a reduction in agricultural production and a deterioration in the position of workers. After the February Revolution of 1917, tips were created in the Urals everywhere. The Bolsheviks came out of the underground, their number grew (827 people by the beginning of March, over 10 thousand - in April). In April 1917, the 1st Ural (Free) Conference of the RSDLP (b) was held in Yekaterinburg, which was supervised by Sverdlov.

Urals during the October Revolution and Civil War (1917-19), during socialist construction (1920-41) and in the period of the Great Patriotic War 1941-45.

Soviet power in the Urals was established mainly in October-December 1917: October 26 (November 8) - in Yekaterinburg and Ufa, October 27 (November 9) - in Izhevsk and many other cities, November 23 (December 6) - in Perm. In a number of places, due to the resistance of the counter-revolution and the treacherous tactics of Mensheviks and the Socialist Republic, the struggle for the Soviet government continued at the beginning of 1918 (Solikamsk, Cherdin, Votkinsk, Zlatoust, etc.). In Orenburg, the Soviet power was established after the defeat of the rebellion of Dutov 18 (31) January 1918. In May, the rebellion of the Czechoslovak Corps of 1918 began, which was also part of the Urals. In the summer, local counter-revolutionary meters occurred - Izhevsk-Votkinsky and others. From November 1918, a counter-revolutionary regime was established in the Urals - Kolchkov. In May 1919, the Soviet troops were transferred to the offensive and the autumn was mainly released the territory of the Urals. In March 1919, the Bashkir ASSR was formed, in November 1920 - a vote JSC (from 1934 - Udmurt ASSR), in 1923 - the Ural region, as part of which in 1925, was established by Komi-Permytsky National District .

After graduation in the Urals of the Civil War, the restoration of the national economy began. In 1920-21 The volume of industrial products of the Urals was 12% of the 1913 level, in 1925-26. - already 93%. During the 1st and 2nd five-year places in the Urals, many new large industrial enterprises were built; Among them are the giants of the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Metallurgical (1932) and Berezniki Chemical (1932) Combines; Urals plant of heavy engineering in Sverdlovsk (1933), Chelyabinsk Tractor (1933) and Solikamsky Potash (1934) Plants, Krasnokamsky Pulp and Paper Plant (1936) and others. The Ural-Kuznetsky Combine was created. In 1929, oil was discovered in the Kamye, in 1932 its mining began in Bashkiria. Gross products of the major industry of the Urals in 1937 compared with 1913 grew almost 7 times. In the 3rd five-year period, Novotagilsky metallurgical, Ural aluminum, Ural cargo-building and other plants entered into force.

During the Great Patriotic War, 1941-45. The Ural became the main arsenal of the country and the most important base of placement of industrial enterprises escaped from the Western regions of the USSR. In the first 5 months of war, 667 enterprises were translated into the Urals. By the end of 1941, the Ural gave 62% cast iron, about 50% of the steel and the rental of all production in the USSR. In 1943, the gross products of the Ural plants exceeded the level of 1941 3 times, the production of military products - 6 times. During the war years, Urals accounted for up to 40% of all the products of the country's military industry, the annual increase in production was 50%. Three plants in the Urals gave 2/3 of the production of tanks and self-propelled artillery installations. In the Urals, many aircraft were produced, guns, small arms, ammunition, etc. Of the workers of the Urals, several divisions and the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps were formed. More than 800 Urals became the heroes of the Soviet Union, 8 people are twice. In 1946, the Urals industry was transferred to the production of peaceful products.

State Education Period of Civil War in Russia and the Formation of the USSR (1917-1924)
World War I · February Revolution · October Revolution · RSFSR · Civil War · White Movement · Intervention · Basmology · USSR
North Baltic Belorussia Poland	Investigative: North Korean state · Olonetskaya Republic · Northern region · Republic of North Ingria · Kingdom of Finland · Republic of Finland · Baltic Duchy · Duchy Kurland and Semigalsky · Government of the North-Western Region · Latvian republic · Kingdom of Lithuania · Republic of Lithuania · Middle Lithuania · Belarusian People's Republic · Kingdom-Regency Polish · Republic of Poland.
Ukraine Bessarabia Crimea	Investigative: Ukrainian People's Republic · Ukrainian Power · Directory · Crimean People's Republic · Free Territory (Makhnovshchina) · Moldavian Democratic Republic
Don Kuban North Caucasus	Investigative: Veshevelika Donskoy Donskoy · Kuban People's Republic · Mountain Respublika · Republic of the Union of Highlanders of the North Caucasus · North Caucasian Emirhood · South of Russia
Volga region Ural