France Refers to those States whose visit is the dream of most of the inhabitants of the planet. Country of Burgundy and borrowed from the Austrians Croissants is associated with Eiffel Tower, Coco Chanel, the Day of Taking Bastille and the famous Marcelase.

France on the world map and Europe

Located a country on the European Continent. Very often you can hear the expression that France is heart. It is not worth understanding that it is not worth it, although the proportion of geographical truth is there.

Where is?

In its territory, France is inferior to the European continent only and Ukraine. Master Part States when viewed from space resembles hexagon, located on the map between 46 º 00 'S.Sh. from Equator and 2 ° 00 'V.D. from Greenwich.

The country area together with overseas territories is 675.4 thousand sq. Km.

Countries with whom borders

The metropolis has common land borders with 8th states. With three countries have borders of French overseas territories. Among the countries bordering European France:

• Luxembourg;
• Andorra;

Overseas French territories border C, Suriname and Dutch Antilles Islands.

Do not know where to go? Read in the sights of the unique France.

How to get from Russia?

It is best to get from Russia to France plane. This is the most convenient and fast way. Only from Moscow "Sheremetyevo" airlines Air. France and Aeroflot daily make 7 joint flights to the airport of Paris Charles de Gol.

For 48 hours You can get from the train to Nice and 38 hours to Paris.

Purchase aircraft with this convenient search form. Make data O. cities of departure and arrival, date of departure and the number of passengers.

Detailed map of France with provinces and cities

France refers to countries with a large population density. 1 km of its territory accounts for 115 inhabitants. On the map of France is indicated a large number of citieswhich are connected by each other many cutting its territory of roads.

Capital

The main city of the country. The capital of France with a population of 2.2 million people annually takes more than 25 million tourists coming to it from all over the world. Paris for more than 2000 years.

Together with the suburbs, the number of Paris agglomerate exceeds 10 million people.

Province

The territory of France is divided into 39 historical provinces. The most famous of them from Burgundy, Normandy, Poitu, Bordeaux, Provence, Anjou and Brittany. This division is not official. IN administrative system Countries include 22 regions and 96 departments.

Big cities

The second largest city of France - Marseilles. The number of its population is 850 thousand people. Besides him in the top ten big cities The world includes:

1. Lyon.;
2. Toulouse;
3. Nice;
4. Nantes;
5. Strasbourg;
6. Montpellier;
7. Bordeaux;
8. Lille.

Information about the country

• The founder is considered to be kingwho wears the name chlodwig. He was the first French monarch.
• IN different time country dynasty rules Carrolings, capeting, Valua, Bourbon and Louis.
• Transformation of the country B. republic associated with the name of Napoleon Bonaparte.
• Country is parliamentary Republic. This is a nuclear power, which is part of the UN, EU and NATO.
• In terms of population, France takes the 20th place in the world. On the continental territory of the country there is a little more 62.8 million people.
• Official language states - french. Within three centuries, he had the same status in England.

See informative video about France:

France is located in the west of Europe. The administrative state is divided into 27 regions, including the 101 Department. France is part of the European Union, the initiator of which was. The country is the presidential republic. The legislative power in the state is carried out by parliament, which consists of the Senate and the National Assembly. The executive power in France is carried out by the Prime Minister. He is responsible for the current economic policy. The Prime Minister is headed by the Cabinet of Ministers and provides execution of laws.

France borders with Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, Switzerland and Spain. In the West, the state is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, in the north-west of the Strait of La Mans and in the south Mediterranean Sea.

The capital of France is the city of Paris - one of the largest European centers. The France map in Russian allows you to see that the Sena River flows through Paris. By the number of attendance by tourists, France is the most popular country. Paris is considered to be tourist city Europe, and Eiffel Tower is the most popular landmark of Paris.

France - a country with rich cultural Heritage. Over the centuries, she was the main center of culture, which was distributed to the whole world. Until now, this amazing country remains the leader in the field of fashion, movies. In Paris, the headquarters of the United Nations on education, science and culture are headquartered. Monuments have been preserved in France antique architecture and romance style. The largest church of Europe is Toulouse. But the country is famous for its gothic monuments. The most famous gothic monuments are Cathedrals Chartra, Amiens and Reims.

The most visited places of France is Loire Castles. On the map of France with cities it is easy to find the Loire River. Architectural facilities are located in the valley of the Loire River (its length of 1020 kilometers) in its shores, as well as her tributaries - Men, Cher, Andre, Vienne. Architectural monuments are located on the territory of the two administrative districts - the center and land of Loire and four departments. All locks located along the Loire are included in the list. world Heritage UNESCO.

In the suburbs of Paris, the city of Versale is the famous palace and park ensemble - the former residence of the French kings. Versailles is a century of tourism of world importance.

France is a state located in the west of Europe, owns overseas territories that have a different legal status.

The country area without overseas possessions is 547.03 thousand km2, the population for 2017 is 66.99 million people, the capital is the city of Paris.

Under the French jurisdiction are the islands and archipelagoes - Martinique, Guadeloupe, New Caledonia, Reunion and a number of others. The country also belongs to the Mediterranean Island of Corsica.

Detailed map France shows the neighbors with whom it has borders:

• land (length 4072 km) - Belgium, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Monaco, Andorra, Spain, Luxembourg;
• marine - United Kingdom.

The country is approximately at the same distance from the equator and the North Pole. It has a favorable geographical position, which is characterized by access to the Atlantic Ocean in the West and a large land border with most leading European countries in the East. The mainland of the country has a hexagonal form.

France on the world map: Nature and climate

The country is elongated in the meridional direction by 950 km, about the same distance you need to overcome when moving from the west to the East. Here are the following natural zones:

• broad forest;
• steppes;
• evergreen forests of the Mediterranean;
• high resistance areas.

France map in Russian shows that the most high Point countries mount Mont Blanc - 4810 m above sea level, and the lowest Rona -2 m river delta.

Relief

France on the world map is characterized by a combination of different form of relief. In the West and the North are large plains, among which the Paris pool is distinguished, the lowland of rone and sons, as well as the Aquitan lowland. In the center of the country, a hilly relief prevails, a central French array is particularly distinguished here with maximum heights up to 1700 m. Mountains occupy about 23% of the area, the largest mountain areas of Yura, French Alps, Pyrenees, Ardennes, Veges.

Water resources

The origins of most French rivers are located on the territory of the central massif and fall into Mediterranean Sea or Atlantic Ocean. The most extended:

• Rona - Most. full-water river 812 km long, which is actively used in the transport sector, the agricultural sector and hydropower. It has the biggest influx - a dream.
• Loire - The longest river of the country (1020 km), but in the summer of shipping only in the lower course, the largest tributaries of Cher, Al and Endre.
• Hay - proceeds in the flat part of France, shipping and ensures the carriage of goods between the capital and Rouen.

France's coastline has a length of 4668 km and passes through the Mediterranean Sea, the Biscay Bay and the Strait of La Mans, which belong to the Atlantic Ocean. It combines plain beaches and rocks, long shores and sharp bends.

Flora and fauna

A little more than a quarter of the territory of France is covered with forests. Oaks, birch trees, ate, walnut are growing in the Western and Nordic regions. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Mediterranean coast, palm trees grow, agawa, cork oak, citrus fruit. About 15% of the territory is occupied by parks and reserves. National Park Murkurtur has 2 thousand plant species, the tenth of which belongs to the disappearing. In Seven, more than 2.2 thousand species of plants of continental and Mediterranean type grows.

On the territory of the country lives about 135 mammalian species, including one missing and 20 more are at different stages of disappearance. Here you can find a wolf, affection, raccoon dog, forest cat, lan, a few types of seals, Finval, blue whale, spotted deer and many other animals.

From reptile only one poisonous - ordinary viper.

In coastal areas there are many species of fish - herring, tuna, cod, flounder, mackerel and others.

Climatic features

Most of France is located in the zone of moderate climate, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Mediterranean coast, the subtropical climate prevails. Thanks to the exhaustion in the meridional direction, the country is characterized by climate diversity. In the North-Western and Western regions (Brittany, Normandy), a pronounced marine climate with a large amount of precipitation, soft winter, moderately warm summer and frequent strong winds. The average temperatures of winter months +5, + 7 ° C, summer +16, + 17 ° C.

In the east, the climate is more continental - it is characterized by a greater amplitude of the temperature, so winter is colder here (the average January is 0 ° C), and the summer is noticeably warmer (the average values \u200b\u200bof July + 20 ° C).

IN southern regions The subtropical climate of the Mediterranean type is dominated. Here are very rare negative temperatures, most of the precipitation falls in winter. Summer long and roast, in the western half of about 100 days a year the cold North-West Wind Mistral happens.

Map of France with cities. Administrative division of the country

The country is divided into 18 regions, of which 12 are located in the continental part, 1 on the island of Corsica and 5 refer to the category of overseas. They do not have legal autonomy, but has the right to take the budget and introduce their taxes.

All regions include 101 Department and Lyon Metropolis. Low units are considered the communes, which are 36682.

Largest cities

On the map of France with cities in Russian, you can see the location of all settlements Countries, including the largest. These include:

• Paris - The capital of the state with a population of 2.27 million people (2014). Located on the shores of the Seine River in the northern half of the country in the north-French lowland. The length from the west to the east is about 18 km, and from north to south in two Aza less.
• Marseilles - The largest port of France with a population of 869.8 thousand people (2015). Located next to the mouth of the Rhone River on the coast of the Lyon Bay of the Mediterranean Sea. The city is located on the hills, which are elongated by tiers along the sea coast. Next to him many calans - rocky bays.
• Lyon. - City in the south-east of the country with a population of 506.6 thousand people (2014). Located on the territory of the Ron Lowland at the site of the river river Rona. Around Lyon is more than the number of gardens and vineyards.

Detailed map of France in Russian online. Satellite map. France with cities and resorts, roads, streets and houses. France on the world map is the most visited European country, in which more than 60 million tourists are annually. The capital of France is Paris with a population of 2.2 million. By Square, France ranks second after Russia.

France - Wikipedia

Population of France: 66 991 000 people. (2017)
The capital of France: Paris city
Largest cities France: Marseille, Nice, Lyon, Toulouse
Phone code of France: 33
National domain of France: .fr.

Cards of cities of France.

Attractions of France:

What to look in France:Cote d'Azur, Cathedral of the Paris Mother of God, Versailles Palace, the city of Annecy, Amphitheater in Nimea, Old city Carcasson, Dune in Pile, English Embankment in Nice, Garden Claude Monet in Zhiverny, Valley Chamonix, Eiffel Tower, Aqueduct Pont Du-Gar, Castle Chambor, Papal Palace in Avignon, Castle Schononso, Abbey Mont-Saint-Michel Museum, Louvre Museum , Elysee fields in Paris, Verdon Gorge, Triumphal Arch in Paris, Disneyland, Mysterious Castle IF.

France's climate: Three climatic belts are passing through the country - oceanic, Mediterranean and continental. In the summer in France in all regions heat, the air temperature varies within +20 + 30 S. The winter climate depends on the region, but usually in all parts of the country is soft, with a small amount of snow. French cuisine is considered one of the most delicious and sophisticated worldwide. French pastries, red wine and grade of cheese are especially valued.

Francewashed by the waters of the Biscay Bay, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The official language is French, which speaks most of the population. In some regions, residents speak local dialects and German.

Paris - Not only the capital of France, but also the city with which France is invariably associated. He is called the most city in love, the most romantic place in the world. The symbol of Paris and the whole France as a whole is the Eiffel Tower, which towers in the very center of the capital. Other attractions and interesting places of Paris are the Champs Elysees, Cathedral of Notre Dame, Louvre, Orsay Museum.

Many in France other cities that admire their architectural structures of past centuries and millennia. Among them are the Roman monuments of history in Arles, the city of Rouen with a rich historical past, amazing Strasbourg.

Rest in France - The country is also known for its own fashionable expensive resortswhere the richest and famous people prefer to spend their holidays. Such the names of the resorts like Nice, Cannes, Corsica and others have long been in hearing for a long time, because it is they are world beach holiday centers.

Resorts of France:

Aquitaine, Brittany, Normandy, Corsica Island, Antibes, Juan-les-Pen, Cannes, Marseille, Monaco, Monte Carlo, Nice, Saint-Tropez, Ez, Menton, Gruissan, Kavaler-sur-Mer, Il de Re, Urvil-Neuvil, Saint Marin, Etretret, Tregastel, Oleeron Island, Aleles-sur-Mer.

Atlas Mira

Political I. physical maps

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France map in Russian. The capital of France, the flag, the history of the country. Detailed map of France with cities and roads

(French Republic)

General

Geographical position. French republic-state in Western Europe. In the West and the North, the territory of France is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the Strait of La Mans, in the south of the Mediterranean Sea, so the sea boundaries of France can be divided into three parts. It is the coast of the Mediterranean, the coastal strip of the Biscay Bay and the Atlantic and the shore of the strait of La Mans. Thanks to the considerable length of their marine borders France has 11 million square meters. km of exclusive economic zone. In the southwest of Pyrenees, French frontiers from Spain are separated. In the south-east, France has a common border with Italy. Mountain arrays Alps and Yura create a natural barrier in the East. Here, France is bordered by Switzerland, Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium.

Part of the French territory is the island of Corsica. Extensive overseas territories of the republic. These include a number of islands in the Pacific Ocean: New Caledonia (located in Melanesia, the total area of \u200b\u200b-19 thousand km), from 1853 - declared by French ownership, in 1864-1896. there was a place of reference to the cautious; And French Polynesia (located in the central part Pacific Ocean, total area - 4 thousand square meters. km). Two other overseas territories of France are Wallis and Futuna, as well as Southern lands And French Antarctica.

Area. The territory of France takes 543,965 square meters. km.

Main cities, administrative division. The capital of France is Paris. The largest cities: Paris (9400 thousand people), Marseille (1200 thousand people), Lyon (1200 thousand people), Lille (1000 thousand people), Bordeaux (400 thousand people), Toulouse ( 380 thousand people), Nice (350 thousand people), Nantes (300 thousand people), Strasbourg (270 thousand people), Toulon (250 thousand people), Rouen (200 thousand people. ).

France is divided into 96 administrative units departments. The special status of overseas departments have Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guiana, Reunion, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon. In addition, a number of overseas territories are part of France.

Political system

France-Republic. Head State President. Head of Government - Prime Minister. The legislative authority-parliament consisting of the Senate and the National Assembly. .

Relief. Geographic relief Continental France Melting: Western and Northern areas occupy plains and lowlands; In the center and in the east-medium-high-altitude mountains (Central French Array, Veges, Yura). In the south-west of the country, Pyrenees extend, in the south-east Alps, in the North-West Ardennes. The tallest mountain peak France and Western Mont Blanc (4 807 m).

Geological structure and minerals. On the territory of France there are coal deposits, iron ores, bauxite, zinc.

Climate. France can be divided into five climatic zones. The smallest of them falls on the mountainous areas of France, where the air temperature is usually 5 degrees lower than the country as a whole. In the mountains drops to 2,000 mm of precipitation per year.

The second climatic zone-in the east of the country is characterized by a large amplitude of temperatures throughout the year. In winter, about 0 ° C, in summer, the temperature can rise to 30 ° C.

The coast of the Mediterranean Sea and the Rhone Valley to Lyon belongs to the subtropical Mediterranean climatic zone. Alps mountain ranges interfere with the penetration of warm cyclones in the depths of the country from the south-east, which determines the special climatic conditions In the coastal regions of the Lyon Gulf. Air temperature in this area in the winter months + 5 ° C, + 12 ° C, in summer + 18 ° C, + 26 ° С. In the year it drops 600-1,000 mm of precipitation.

central part Countries make up another climate zone-Atlantic. It is almost no different from the Mediterranean in the amount of precipitation, but it is characterized by a great temperature fluctuate. For example, in Paris in the winter months, the average air temperature is + 2 ° C, + 5 ° C, and in summer + 15 ° C, + 24 ° C.

The latter of the mentioned climatic zones is located along the Atlantic coast. The proximity of the sea determines the increased humidity of the air and the more even nature of the temperature fluctuations throughout the year under the similar amount of drop-down precipitation. In winter, the thermometers show + 3 ° C, + 8 ° C, in summer + 12 ° C, + 19 ° C.

Inland waters. Large rivers in the country - hay (776 km), her history must have such cities like Paris and Rouen; Ron (812 km), which originates among the Alpine Ranges of Switzerland and serves for France the main hydropower source; Loire is the longest river in the country (1012 km), Garonna (647 km).

Soil and vegetation. 24% of the territory is occupied by forests in which we grow nuts, birch, oak, spruce, cork tree. On the coast of the Mediterranean Sea Palma, citrus.

Animal world. For Fauna, France is characterized by fox, badger, forest cat, deer, boar, roe, protein, hare, lan, as well as birds - partridge, Ryabchik, Bekas, Pheasant, Waldshnepe, Forty, Drozd, Sparrow, Dove, Hawk.

About 58 million people live in the French republic. The average population density in France is 106 people per 1 sq. M. km. State language The country is French. Only on the outskirts of France, the population uses other languages \u200b\u200bto communicate in everyday life: Basque (Pyrenees), Italian (Corsica), Flemish (Dunkerka district), German (Alsace), Breton (Western Brittany).

Religion

The main religion in France is Catholicism (47 million people). It is followed by the number of adherents: Islam (4 million), Protestantism (950 thousand), Judaism (700 thousand), Orthodoxy (120 thousand).

Brief historical essay

People began to live in the territory of modern France more than a million years ago. The first dated settlements information on these lands belongs to 600 BC. e. When Greek merchants from Asia are founded on the site of modern Marseille their colony mass.

In VI BC e. From Eastern Europe to the territory of modern France invade, and then settle in the northeast and in the center of the Celty Country, which the Romans were called Gallam. Hence the ancient name of the country - Gallium.

About 220 g. BC e. The territory of Caesalpin Gaul (between the river on and the Alps) was subordinated to their Romans.

In 125-118 BC e. The Romans won the entire Mediterranean coast, and the Roman Province-Narbonic Gallium was created in the south of Gaul.

In 58-51. BC e. Caesar, at that time, Galesus, using the struggle between the individual Celtic tribes and the orientation of the part of them on the Germans, threw the Germans for the Rhine and won the land of Transalpian Gaul (between the Alps, Pyrenees, the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean).

Roman colonization had a great influence on the country. It appeared large estates of local rulers, roads, cities. Celtic languages, although very slowly, crowded Latin. In 16 BC e. Gallium was divided into 4 Roman provinces.

In II century In the South Hall cities, the first Christian communities appear, which by the end of the IV century. Start dominate in the country.

In 258, the Gallean Empire consists, which in 273 joins the once powerful Rome.

VIII century Begins the fall of the Western Roman Empire under the blows of the waves of barbaric invasions. By the same time, the first mention of the attack of the tribes of Franks to Roman territories.

In 406, the Burgundy state is created on the territory of Gaul (it was finally developed by 457. With the center in Lyon), in 418. The states of the Hermann-Visdom (Toulouse Kingdom) appeared in the south of Gaul.

The barbaric invasion wave was stopped on July 15, 451, when the United Array of Romans, Visigoths, Franks and Burgundy, broke the hordes at the catalaunoic fields, and then ousted Huns from Gala.

The lands of the future France, however, did not remain under the authority of the Romans, but became part of the newly formed Frank state, where the Meroving Dynasty began to rule. The founder is considered to be Merovy, who, according to a legend, appeared before people in the form of a monster who came out of the sea, and the main representative-Clodvi Ga (mind in 511).

In 481, a 15-year-old Chlodwig was proclaimed by the king of Salic Francs, the center of which was previously the city of Tourne (currently in the territory of Belgium). In 486, Chlodwig broke the troops of the Roman governor of Siagria, who retained the power in the center of Gaul with the capital in Susson after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

In 507, in the duel, Chlodvig killed the King of Westwork Alarich and thereby acquired the rights to new lands in Aquitaine. For chlodwig, in 496, Ale-Manna, who lived in the Middle and Upper Rhine, were subordinated. In 497, the Franksky King took Paris, and in 507 he won the possessions of the eastern francs in the lower reins.

In 534, the Kingdom of Burgundov, in 534, Provence, Priellic possessions of Ameganov and a number of other territories on the lands of the current France were subordinated to the sons of Glod Dog in 534.

In the VII century The Frank state was actually divided into several parts. Three independent kingdoms fold: Australia (Eastern State), neastric ("New Western State") and Burgundy.

The revival of a single Frankish state began only with a new royal dynasty.

An important date in the country's history is 732, when Franks, under the leadership of Karl Martell, were able to win the victory against the tour and Poitiers, defending the independence of the country and stopping the Arab offensive in Western Europe. Friezes, Alemanns and Bavara, who attacked the country were also defeated.

In 751, Pipin Short (representative of the Major Houses of Austsia, future Carrolings), watched by the support of Pope Roman, overthrew the last ruler from the genusing-Dagobert II (who was tonsured to the monks) and proclaimed himself a lawful king.

In 768, the Frankish throne took Karl (742-814), nicknamed. Karl's conquest (Langobard Kingdom in Italy (773-774), the Saxian region (772-804), the Earth south of the Pyrenees and other territories) led to the formation of the extensive sacred Roman Empire in 800.

Karl's son, Louis Pious (778-840) unsuccessfully tried to preserve the integrity of the inherited state and was forced (for the first time in 817) to divide the management between his sons.

In the grandchildren of Karl Great in 843, under the contract concluded in Verden, the empire was divided between Lotter (he received the lands of Italy and territory along the Rhine and Rhone-subsequently Lorraine), Karl Lyshim (he was departed to the West from the Rhine) and Louis German (He became the ruler of lands east of the Rhine). From that time, Carroling ruled: in Italy until 905, in Germany to 911, in France until 987

In 885-886 Normans (Vikings) are precipitated Paris, but serious territorial losses occur during the board of Karl III rustic. In 911, he albeit Lorraine, but gave way to the Nordic Territories, which in the IX-X centuries. Thanks to permanent raids, numerous colonies form and on west coast France, including in the Valley of the Seine. Karl III was captured by a story that raised the rebellion against him, and from 923 he was in conclusion.

In x in. There is a decay of a single single state, in which power proceeds to more than 20 semi-standing graphs and dukes (Anjou, Poitu, Champagne, etc.). Royal power becomes elected. From the end of the IX century. More often than others began to see the election of the Count Paris from the genus Robertinov. After 987, when a king was one of Robertinov-Gugo Cappets, the royal power consistently entrenched the representatives of this kind. By the name of the founder of the royal race-googo, the kapeup began to be called the dynasty of capeting.

In 1066, Normans, headed by Wilhelm Conqueror (Duke of Normandy since 1035), landed in England, won the Anglo-Saxon King Harold II and became rulers of the country. In1154, the royal throne in England is occupied by the Anzhuy Dynasty of Plantagenets, which were simultaneously the Dukes of Normandy. Arising in the XII century. The rivalry between the rulers of France and England for many centuries was the basis of conflicts not only in Europe, but also in the world.

The period of the XI - XIII centuries. There was a time for the development of trade, the emergence and growth of cities (especially during the period of crusades), the formation of chivalry, the approval of the royal power in the face of feudal seenors, internal colonization of the land of the country, great influence Monastic orders.

The third representative of the kind of cappeps was Heinrich I, who was married to the daughter of Yaroslav Wise Anna. Heinrich I according to custom cappeps in 1059, when his son Filippe was seven years old, coronated the heir. Approximately a year after the Coronation of Philip I, Heinrich died, leaving custody of the son Anne Yaroslavn. With Philip I, for the first time after a long break, the ownership of kings began to grow. To its own board, it is convened by Pope Urban II in 1095 in the city of Clermont (south of France) of the Church Cathedral, which proclaimed the beginning of the crusades. July 14, 1099 Christians were liberated by Jerusalem.

In the period when the French king, Louis VII, headed the 2nd crusade (1147-1149), the regent of the country became his mentor - Abbot Sugarya, the famous constructionist of Saint-Denis. For his wise and fair rule, the king on his return was ordered to call Sugarya "Father of the Nation".

In 1152, Louis Vii Romorgov his marriage with Alienoroi, Duchess Aquitan, which led to the loss of France lands belonged to the duchess. Soon, Alieno-Ra married henry planagenetic, which in 1154 climbed into the English throne, and Aquitaine moved to England. All this has complicated the already difficult situation in Northern France and Britain.

In 1300, Philip IV was beautiful to capture Flanders, but as a result of the uprising of the cities in this area in two years she was wound again.

In 1302, Philip Iv convened the first general states, as the estate monarchy was formed.

In 1347-1348 The plague epidemic emerged in the country, which came from the East. The situation was complicated by constant wars within the country between aware. Economic development was long detained by a century of war. The country was destroyed, the population could not withstand the tax oppression.

In 1356, during the battle of Poit, the French king John is kind and his best knights captured.

In February 1358, in Paris, there was an uprising of artisans who expected to establish the Board of the King Navarre Karla Evrole in the country, the grandson of

vika X. The head of the uprising was the rich merchant Etienne Marseille. Dofin fled from the capital. Preparing for decisive battles, he established the blockade of Paris, hoping to overcome his hunger.

In 1358, France covered the peasant uprising. According to the nickname, the jacket-space, which was given by the French noblemen to the peasants, it was called Jacceria.

In 1422, one by one die the kings of England and France. The power formally moves to the young king Henrich VI, but part of the French defended the rights of Charles VII, who lived in the city of Busz, then in the castle of the city of Shinon. The British with Burgundians capture one province after another and, it would seem, dynastic disputes will soon lose their relevance. However, in February 1429, a young girl came to Dauphhne Carlo, who called himself Jeanne D ARC, and stated that God sent her to remove the Anglican siege from Orleans, to crown Dofina in Reims and expel the British from France. Dofin decided To trust Joan. In a short time, the seven thousandth army was collected in Blois. On April 29, Zhanna drove into Orleans on a white horse with a flutter flag, and already on May 8, 1429, the British were forced to remove the siege of the city, which lasted more than 200 days. June 16 was restored The French Royal Power, Karl VII was solemnly crowned in Reims in the presence of Zhanna D "Ark. The desperate efforts of Zhanna with small detachments to free Paris and the country hit her opponents and her supporters. On May 23, 1430, when attempting to remove the siege from the fortress, the Oleansa Virgin, "was captured to the Burgundians. Almost six months they kept the girl on the chains in the tower, and then sold it to the British for the amount of 10 thousand gold, which was usually appointed for the head of the king. The British organized the holding of a church court, which announced Jeann D "Ark Sordunya. May 30, 1431, accused of heresy, Zhanna was burned on a fire in Ruang (in 1920 she was canonized by the Catholic Church).

By the end of the XV century. In France, there were already 15 universities, in 1474 the French citizen became the inventor of the Gutenberg typography.

In 1491, the son and successor of Louis Xi Karl VIII married the Duchess Anna Breton, and with this marriage of the last major duchy - Brittany - actually became part of the lands of the French crown. Completeing mainly the combination of modern French lands, the state became the largest and crowded in Western Europe.

The constant rivalry of the French rulers with Habsburg led to the war for the possession of Italy. In 1494-1559. Italian wars were conducted with varying success between France and Spain (with the interpretation of other states, including Turkey). According to Kato-Cambrezian world, 1559, France refused claims in Italy, for the most part of which the power of Spain spread. This period, however, was the time of comparative calm inside France, a period of cultural lift of the country, when such geniuses of Renaissance, as Leonardo da Vinci, Michel Monten, were created on its territory, Francois, Pierre Ronsar, Francois Rabl and many others on its territory.

Since the 20s of the XVI century. The ideas of the Reformation begin to spread in France. Established in 1547, the "Fire Chamber", designed to fight heretics in the country, could not prevent the growth of the number of supporters of the Reformation, especially in the south of the country.

After Heinrich II, three of his son reigned: Francis II, Karl IX and Heinrich III. During the coronation in 1559, Francis II was 15 years old. It was a fitness and a sustrogo, who actually handed the power of Lotaringents Gizam, relatives of his wife Mary (Queen Scottish Maria Stewart). Francois Giz became the head of the army, Bishop Larring and Cardinal took into his own hands. The supporter of Giza was the mother of King Catherine Medici, who sought to remove the Pet of the deceased King of the Connet Blue Monmodrance and his relatives-Admiral Koliny with brothers. Among the opponents-rivals of Giza were also relatives of the Royal House-Bourbon.

Already in August 1559, the three leaders of the future opposition-Antoine Bourbon, his brother Konde and Admiral Koliny decided to "release the king" from the "tyranny" of GIZOV, and for this, to establish over the minor king of custice from the closest relative -Bourcon. It was decided to capture the king and act then from his behalf. At the head of the so-called Ambuhaz conspiracy (the royal yard was then in the castle of Amboaz) stood Prince Konde, who took advantage of the displeasure of the army in connection with its partial dissolution in accordance with the text of the peace treaty in Kato-Cambrey. In1560, the plot was revealed and brutally depressed, Antoine Bourbon and Konda were arrested, but they were saved by the unexpected death of the king. Carl IX joined the throne, whose guardian was not a short time Antoine Bourbon. Ekaterina Medici, knowing about conspiracies, tried to maintain the balance between Giza and the noble opposition and affect cases, but the events of 1562 destroyed her plans. On March 1 of this year, Francois Giz dealt with the town of Vasi with the crowd of Huguenot, which served as a reason to start religious wars between the Catholics and Protestants, which continued until 1598

The wedding of King Henry Navarre and the sister of the French king Margarita Valua took place in August 1572. After the wedding, August 24, on the day of St. Bartholomew, between 2 and 4 hours of the night (hence the name-Barfolomeev night), in Paris, in the order of Catherine, the Medici occurred the infamous rumor of Huguenots. Admiral Koliny was killed by one of the first, Henry Navarre and Konde, who lived in Louvre, was saved by going to Catholicism. A new stage of the Huggenic wars began, for which two features are characterized. The first is the desire of the opposition to overthrow the Valua dynasty, the second-creation in the south of the country a Huguenot minority of this state in the state.

In 1624-1642 The first Minister of Louis XIII became Cardinal and Duke Richelieu (Arman Jean du Plesi) (1586-1642), which was able to approve the system of absolutism in France. Not attempting on the religious feelings of Huguenotov, Richelieu began a decisive struggle against their military-political organization headed by the Duke of Ro-Gan. B1628. After many years of siege, the city of La Rochelle was taken, and in 1629 the latest foci of the resistance of Huguenots in mountainous areas Languedoca.

Shortly after the death of the famous Cardinal, the successor Richelieu became in 1643-161. Cardinal Maazarini-first Minister of France with the regent of the mother of King Anna Austrian. She, like Mary Medici, had to face the requirements of knowing new awards and pensions, expanding the rights of aristocrats. A protracted thirty-year war, the growth of taxes caused numerous peasant performances in the country. In France, the events of the so-called fronds broke out (literally "Prachche").

When Mazarini died in 1661, the 22-year-old King of Louis XIV announced that he was now the Prime Minister himself. For 54 years, he personally engaged in the most important issues of the life of the state. Louis XIV, "King Sun", with his statement "the state is me" became a symbol of absolute power.

In 1733-1735 France turned out to be drawn into a war for the Polish legacy, since Louis XV was married to the daughter of the unlucky Polish king Stanislav Leschinsky, dropped from the throne Peter I. Once in diplomatic isolation, France was forced to stop the war. B1740-1748 gt. France took part in the war already for the Austrian legacy, which also did not bring anything, except victims and expenses. The aggravation of the struggle for the colonies led in 1756-1763. To the seven-year war between France, Russia, Spain, Saxony, Sweden, Austria on the one hand, and England (in Hannover), Portugal and Prussia, on the other. In accordance with the Parisian peace treaty, 1763. France gave way to England almost all his colonies in North America (Canada, East Louisiana) and India. An important acquisition was the purchase in 1768 at Genoa Islands Corsica.

In March - April 1789, the wave of folk unrest rolled throughout France. Especially active was the urban poor, demanding bread and the establishment of cheap food prices. The king was forced on May 5, 1789. For the first time in a century, one and a half century go to the convening of general states. The collection of the third estate proclaimed itself national, and then the constituent meeting. July 14, 1789, after the resignation of Necker and attempts by the Royal Court to go to the counteroffensive, the people went to the streets of Paris and took the fortress-prison fortress Bastilia. On August 26 of the same year, the Constituent Assembly proclaimed the Declaration of Human Rights and Citizen. The first laws of the Constituent Assembly approved the new administrative division of the country, destroyed the class division of society. At the proposal of Talleyran, the former Bishop of Odensky, all property and land ownership of the church were confiscated.

On April 8, 1792, France declared War of Austria, all men who could wear weapons were called to the army. On August 10, 1792, the royal authorities were overthrown in France and the Republican Board was established. This led to the creation of the 1st antifranzu coalition of European powers (1792-1797), which also included England, Holland, Spain, a number of Italian and German states. Revolutionaries responded to this in September 1792 by mass terror against aristocracy.

Jacobinians came to power in Paris, who canceled all feudal rights, duties and defeats; The peasants were distributed land owned by nobility; Earth emigrants were put on sale with small sections. On January 21, 1793, Louis XVI was executed on charges of conspiracy against freedom. On June 2, 1793, Jacobin dictatorship was established in the country. During the Great French Revolution, and then the Directory, the revolutionary government troops led extensive fighting not only against external enemies, but also against the royalists in the Western provinces of the country, which, at the main heart rate of the revolution (Department of Wanda), received the name of the Vandara Wars.

9 Thermidora (July 27) of 1794, the Jacobinians led by Robespierre, accused of tyranny, were arrested and guillotinated without trial. On October 5, 1795, the monarchists tried to capture power in the country, but the decisive actions of Napoleon Bonaparta forced the rebels under the threat of guns to surrender. Power in the country actually in 1795 switched from the convention to the directory headed by the Barrash field.

By 1795, French troops occupied all Belgium, turning the country into nine new departments; Holland was turned into a "subsidiary" of the Batav Republic; Some Spanish and German territories were joined to France.

In April 1796, the French army of Napoleon Bonaparte, moving the Alps, broke the Sardinian troops, and Sardinia signed the world. On May 10, the French were smashed by Austrians when they were addressed in June, Mantu's fortress was siege. Mantu's fall in 1797 opened the French to Vienna, which allowed them to conclude a profitable Campofort-Misian world.

In 1798-1802 Battles with French troops led new, 2nd coalition. Actions of Russian troops in Northern Italy Under the leadership of Field Marshal A. V. Suvorov and the Russian Fleet in the Mediterranean, under the command of F. F. Ushakov led to the timeless liberation of Italy.

In November 1799 (18 Brother), Napoleon Bonaparte made a coup, as a result of which he became the first consul and focused in his hands all the completeness of power. In numerous battles and wars, Napoleon Bonaparte conquered many european countries. It should be especially noted by the battle of December 2, 1805 at Austerlice. By 1812, all Western and Central Europe, with the exception of Sweden, Portugal, Sicily and Sardinia, was dependent on France.

Bonaparte was proclaimed by Emperor Napoleon I. In July 1812, the French emperor began a campaign to Russia. The Borodino battle and the introduction of French troops to Moscow seemed to be evidence of Napoleon's victory, but by November 1812, only about 5 thousand soldiers remained to the French emperor. At the same time in France, Brigadier General Claude Francois Male, a convinced republican, tried to make a coup. Under these conditions, Napoleon left the remnants of his army and fled to Warsaw. "Battle of Peoples" October 16-18, 1813. Under Leipzig, at the most decisive moment of which the Saxons betrayed Napoleon, predetermined the defeat of France. In 1814, the troops of the antifranzu coalition entered Paris.

On April 4, 1814, Napoleon renounced the throne in favor of the Son, and on April 6, Senate called on the throne of Louis XVIII. The betrayal of Marshal Marmona, the former adjutant of Bonaparte, forced the French Emperor to renounce the throne for the second time for himself and for his son. A contract was signed in Fontainebleau, according to which the imperial title was maintained for Napoleon, he was transferred to the management of Elba Island.

Under the Treaty of Power Winners with France, she was deprived of all territories conquered after 1795

In early March 1815 Began the famous "One hundred days" Napoleon Bonaparte. At the head of the 900 soldier, the French emperor landed on the continent, and on March 20, he already joined Paris. England, Prussia, Austria and Russia hurriedly entered into an alliance against France (7th in a row) and thanks to the superiority in the numbers caused Napoleon defeat from the Belgian village Waterloo. June 22, 1815 Bonaparte again renounced the throne in favor of his son Joseph Francois Charles Bonaparte (Napoleon II), which, however, never ruled in France, and spent his life at the courtyard of his grandfather - the Austrian emperor. Then Napoleon surrendered to the British and was exiled to the island of Saint Helena.

In February 1848, another revolution broke out in France. The monarchy was overthrown, Louis Philippe fled to England, where he died. However, the Republican Board was not established in the country. Using the peasants discontent with the new regime, Napoleon's nepolean I Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte achieved his election by the president. With the support of the military on December 2, 1851. He committed state

coup. In December 1852, after the second plebiscite, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte received the emperor title under Napoleon III. The beginning of his reign was marked by a number of wars successful for France. In February 1854, France in the Union with the Sardinian Kingdom (since 1855) and Great Britain entered the side of Turkey to the eastern (Crimean) war and won in it. As a result of a number of wars 1856-1885. France received the right to commerce on the Yangtze River and established its protectorate over the territories of Cambodia and Vietnam. In 1859, Piedmont in the Union with France began a war against Austria, who retained the Lombardo-Venetian region.

On September 2, 1870, the French army capitulated under sedan, and Napoleon III, together with the hundredsmatic army, surrendered.

On September 4, 1870, power in Paris, as a result of a revolutionary speech, passed to the Republicans, which marked the beginning of the so-called third republic, the constitution of which was adopted in 1875. An attempt to confront the German troops, coming to the capital of France, led to the establishment from March 18 On May 28, 1871, the Government of the Paris Commune. The inhomogeneity of the composition of the commune led to the formation within two fractions: "most" (Blancians) and "minorities" (Prudonists), which significantly weakened the new power in Paris. After 72 days of the existence of the commune was crushed.

At the end of the XIX century. France, lifting the championship in Europe in Germany, performs major colonial seizures and becomes the winner of the second in the world, after England, the colonial empire. In 1881, France established a protectorate over Tunisia, in 1893 - over Laos, in 1912 - over most of the Morocco.

On July 21 (August 3), 1914, Germany declared war on France. In the first months of World War I, Germany expects to completely defeat French troops and bring France from the Entente. In 1916, Germany again made an attempt to break through the front stabilized in November 1914 in the Verden region. In April - May 1917. Anglo-French troops conducted unsuccessful offensive operations. In the spring of 1918, the German troops took the last desperate attempt to break resistance in France. Starting the offensive, the Germans, as in 1914, went to the Marna River and were just 70 km from Paris. Only the urgent transformation of the American troops to France, as previously Russian troops, stopped the offensive of the Germans. On August 8, the forces of the Antanka inflicted the strongest blow to the Germans and deployed under the command of General Fosha, the general offensive, which became decisive during the First World War.

November 11, 1918 Germany capitulated. On June 28, 1919, a Versaili peace treaty was concluded between the winners-winners, on the one hand, and with Germany. In accordance with this Treaty, France returned to himself Alsace and Lorraine (within the borders of 1870) and received huge contributions, part of the German colonies in Africa-Togo and Cameroon, and under the contract with Turkey-mandate on Syria and Lebanon.

In 1924, a new coalition government of Socialists and Socialist Radicals came to power in France, chaired by Eduard Arrio. The country began in the country, lacked workers.

The new crisis has reached its peak by 1934, when the number of unemployed reached 50% of the number of employers.

In the course of the parliamentary elections, 1936, the People's Front-Union of Radical Socialists, the French Socialist and French Communist Parties was finally established. In March 1936, the union congress of trade unions occurs. On June 4, 1936, the first government was created by Leon Blum, based on the Folk Front.

September 3, 1939, after the invasion of Germany to Poland, France stated that it would fulfill its allied obligations to Poland. However, at first, France's entry into the war did not affect the country and its inhabitants.

In June 1940, the Germans began an offensive on the south and defeated the French army, which has capitulated. Based on the compiemary truce, two-thirds of the country are occupied by the fascist troops of Germany and Italy. At the end of 1940, Marshal Philippe Peten, the hero of the First World War, created a profascular government in Vichy, who collaborated with the Nazis.

In November 1942, the fascists, taking advantage of the allied landing in North Africa, occupied the entire territory of France, which influenced the growth of the anti-fascist front. On June 6, 1944, American, Canadian and British troops landed in Normandy, and on August 15 and in the south of France. On August 25, Paris was liberated, and at the end of 1944 - the whole country.

In 1944, the government was transferred to the chapter of the Provisional Government General de Giu. In January 1946, General de Gaulle adopted an irrevocable decision to resign, as I realized that in the context of multiparties it is impossible to create a "strong" presidential state.

Suppression of the liberation struggle in Algeria, in Madagascar, in Vietnam, orientation in foreign policy for the United States, the government's refusal to increase wages prompted the Communists-Deputies of Parliament in 1947 to vote against the credibility of the Cabinet of Ministers. As a result, the Communists were derived from the government. The Board of the Third Force began, which declared the need to fight for two front-against communism and against Hallery.

Large military defeats, especially with Dieen-Bien Fu, forced France to conclude a number of agreements in Geneva (1954,1962), for which the French brought their troops from Indochina. In 1954, active hostilities began in Algeria, who achieved independence. In March 1956, Morocco and Tunisia were liberated from the French Protectorate. In November 1956, French troops in the Union with the British and Israelis tried to capture the Suez Canal, but in December of the same year the French were forced to withdraw their troops from Egypt. An important event in the life of the country was the signing in 1957 of Roman agreements on the organization of the European Economic Community.

On May 13, 1958, an uprising of the military headed by General Jacques, who demanded the transfer of power to General de Gaulle, took place in Algeria.

On June 1, 1958, the Hero of France has formed the government. C1958 As a result of the referendum in the country, a new constitution was entered into force, which marked the beginning of the fifth republic; The rights of executive authorities were significantly expanded to the detriment of the legislative.

In 1958, in accordance with the new Constitution, Charles de Gaulle was elected for a seven-year period of the republic (re-elected in 1965).

In 1958-1960 France provided independence to most of its African colonies: Gabonu, Congo, Mauritania, Central African Republic, Chad, Cat D "Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Guinea, Sudan, Senegalu, Madagascaru, Benin (Dagomeya), Nigeria, Cameroon, Togo, Top Volta , Mali.

In the late 1960s in France, the most serious time began in the post-war economic crisis. In 1969, the French president decided to resort to tested in 1958 to the means of strengthening his power-referendum, which was issued a question about the reform of the Senate and the territorial administrative structure of the country. Contrary to the expectations of the sentence of De Gavel were rejected, and on April 28, 1969, the 79-year-old General resigned.

In June 1969, George Pompidu became the nineteenth president of France. In 1974, after his death, Valerie G. Esten became the new head of state. The unification of democratic and left socialist forces in the subsequent presidential election predetermined the victory of the former first secretary of the French Socialist Party of Francois Mitterian, who held the president until 1995.

Short economic essay

France-highly developed industrial-agricultural country. Mining of stone coal of oil, iron ore, natural gas. Black and non-ferrous metallurgy. The leading industry industry and mechanical engineering. Autostrating, shipbuilding, tractor and aircraft, electrical and radio electronic industry are distinguished. Chemicals are developed (production of soda, fertilizers, chemical fibers, plastics), oil refining and petrochemical industry. Exporting importance to the production of textiles, clothing, haberdashea. Large food industry, W. h. winemaking. Sowing grain sugar beets. Viticulture, vegetable growing, fruit and flower growing. Marine fishing and dilution of oysters. Export: industrial equipment, household appliances, chemical goods and semi-finished products, clothing, shoes, cars, agricultural products. France - one of the largest districts international Tourism. Resorts of the French Riviera - Cannes, Nice, Menton, etc.

Monetary unit - French franc.

Short essay Culture

Art and architecture. Paris. The Cathedral of the Paris Our Lady (laid in the XII century. In the Bishop of Maurice de Sully, in 1196, almost completely completed with the exception of the facade. The work continued until the XIV century. According to the architectural type of the Cathedral of the Paris's Mother of God-five-penette Basilica. Length of the whole building - 130 m The choir (altar part of the cathedral) is 28 m, the height of the arches is 35 m. A distinctive feature The temple is the presence of wide galleries in the second Yarus-Emport. Interesting treasury of the cathedral and observation deck of Notre Dame); Royal Capella Saint-Chapel (the only monument to the developed French gothic who retained his stained glass windows); Concierger's building (royal dwelling castle. It was built in the XIV century. and in the era of cappeps was part of royal Palace); Louvre (on the site of the current Louvre in 1200. Philipp Augustus was laid down the fortress, defended the approaches to the island of Sita from the North-West. In the XIV century. It loses its defensive functions and after a significant restructuring in Carl V becomes royal Residence. The museum was opened on November 18, 1793. The basis of the collection was the royal assembly: in particular Francis I, in which 4 works of Raphael and 3 paintings by Leonardo da Vinci were acquired (including the famous "Joconday"), one of the world's largest museums, which represents the development of the centuries-old history of Western European and Eastern art, starting from the era of ancient Mesopotamia and ending with the middle of the XIX century.); Tuilery gardens; Oran-Zheri Museum (Collection of French Artists of the last quarter of the XIX-early XX centuries. (Cezanne, Renoir, Matisse, Modigliani, etc.); Museum d "Orsay; Impressionism Museum (French Painting mid XIX. in.); Hotel Disabled (Built in 1671-1676. According to the orders of Louis XIV for 7,000 disabled people by Architect with Jules AR-Duene-Mansar. In the center of the complex there is a disabled cathedral, built in 1679-1706. Under the dome of a height of 105 m in the sarcophage of red porphyra Napoleon I is resting, transferred from the island of St. Helena in 1840); Museum of Ogusta Rodin (its bronze and marble sculptures are widely represented); Eiffel Tower (the first draft of the high-altitude iron construction for the World Paris exhibition was created by the Eiffel in 1884. Three years (1887-1889) was needed for the incarnation of conceived. For a long time was the highest structure in the world); Palace Shaio (built in 1937 for the World Exhibition on the project of architects Carrul, Baual and Azema) - On the walls are located at once 4 museum: Maritime Museum with many layouts of vehicles of various eras, Museum of man with a beautiful ethnographic collection, Museum of Cinema and Museum national monuments in which gypsum copies of portals and individual sculptures are presented famous monuments French Middle Ages and Renaissance; Tokyo Palace (Museum of Contemporary Art of Paris (works of R. and S. Delone, Matisse, Dufi, Modigliani, Chagal, and many other artists of the 20th century, houses. National Museum Asian art; Champs Elysees (the most famous street Paris); Egyptian obelisk, brought to Paris from Luxor in 1833; Elysée Palace (built in 1718 for Count D "Evre, later he belonged to Marquise Pompadur, Carolina Murat and Empress Josephine), a triumphal arch in honor of the victories of the French army; Museum Picasso; Montmartre, who was inextricably connected with the world of Parisian Bohemia of the end of the XIX - early XX centuries; the Basilica of the Holy Heart, erected after the tragic events 1871; Church of St. Eustachia (in the architecture of which Gothic bizardsly connected with Renaissance); National Museum of Contemporary Art, National Museum of Medieval Art (Series of 6 Nether-Lansky Slacher, Created by about 1500 and representing the allegorical interpretation of human feelings); The building of the famous Paris University of Sorbonne (the modern building was built at Richelieu in 1624-1642 in the Sorbonne Church, created on the architect Le Mercier's project in 1635-1642, is located The grave of the Great Cardinal); Church of St. Etien du Mont (built in the XV century. and reconstructed at the beginning of the XVII century. at the Queen Ma RGO); Church of St. Mary Magdalene (Madeleine); Paris Opera Building (Sample luxurious style The era of Napoleon Sh. In 1860, 171 project participated in the competition. We won the young, then an unknown architect Charles Garnier. Here you can see sketches and costumes of Beno'a, Bakst, Golovin. The flood of the auditorium in 1964 was created by Mark Chagalom); The Palee-Royal building (built on request Cardinal Richelieu in 1632 by Architect Le Mercier). Nice. Residues ancient City (Arena, Amphitheater, Terms, Temple Ruins); Church of Saint-Jacques (beginning of the XVII century); cathedral (Monument of the Baroque era); Palace of lasaries; Chapel of St. Guillaume; Fountain "Sun" work of the sculptor Jeano; Museum Massena (rare works of the early French School of Painting); "Castle of St. Elena", which contains a collection of the International Museum of Naive Art; One of the most beautiful Russians orthodox churches Abroad Cathedral of St. Nicholas, in the crypt of which is located the museum of the Russian community; Mattis Museum;

Archaeological Museum; National Museum of Bible Messages Mark Stegal; Museum of Fine Arts Jul-Sher (Collection of works of French artists of the 19th-XX century: Degas, Monet, Sisley, Bonnar, Vyyar).

Single attention deserve the so-called Loire Castles - Blois, Sham-Bor, Sheverni, Amboaz ,.Surno, Lange, Lange, Villalandry.

The science. It is difficult to overestimate the contribution of French scientists to world science. Among the most famous scientists - P. Fermi (the theory of numbers), E. Mariott (barometer), R. Reomyur (thermometer), A. Ampere (electrodynamics), J. Fouco (speed of light in water), J. Gay Loussak ( Thermal expansion of gases), P. Curie (radioactivity), L. Foucault (vortex currents), L. Paster (basics of microbiology), L. de Broglil (wave properties of matter), J. Kusto (oceanography).

Literature. Among the most famous French writers - Voltaire, Sh. Montesquieu, J. Rousseau, J. Mellerground, J. Lamemetry, D. Didro, J.-P. Sartre, F. Berlek, Sirano de Bergerac, J.-B. Moliere, P. Boualersche, V. Hugo, Standal, P. Merim, Flaubert, A. SENT-EKZYUPERI.